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A & P Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four types of human tissue?

A
  1. Muscle Tissue
  2. Nervous Tissue
  3. Epithelial Tissue
  4. Connective Tissue
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2
Q

What tissue generates the physical force to make the body structure move?

A

Muscle Tissue

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3
Q

What tissue indicates & indicates nerve impulse that coordinate body activities and helps maintained homeostasis?

A

Nervous Tissue

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4
Q

The Integumentary System is comprised of ?

A

Hair, skin, nails
Accessory Structures

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5
Q

What tissue covers body surfaces, lines the body cavities, hollow organs and ducts and forms glands?

A

Epithelium Tissue

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6
Q

What four things that Connective Tissue do?

A
  1. Protects and supports the body and its organs.
  2. Binds organs together
  3. Stores energy reserves as fat.
  4. Provides Immunity.
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7
Q

What provides contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or between a cell and extracellular matrix?

A

cell junction

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7
Q

What cell Junction forms a barrier against water and antigens passing between individual epithelial?

A

Tight Junction

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7
Q

What are the two Epithelial Tissue are broadly categorized as ?

A

a. Covering and lining Epithelium
b. Glandular Epithelium

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8
Q

What do Covering and Lining Epithelium do?

A

a. Covering of the skin
b. Outer covering of some internal organs.

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9
Q

What type of tissues lines the interior of respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive system?

A

Covering and Lining Epithelium

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10
Q

What is the most Superficial Layer of a cells?

A

Apical Layer

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11
Q

What the deepest layer of the cell?

A

Basal Layer

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12
Q

What layer is located between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue layer and helps to bind and support the epithelium?

A

Basement Membrane

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13
Q

What are the two ways of classifying epithelial tissue?

A

a. Morphology
b. Stratification

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14
Q

Classification of epithelial cells based on shape?

A

Morphology

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15
Q

Classification of epithelial cells based on number of layer?

A

Stratification

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16
Q

What tissue is thin, flat shaped that allows for rapid passage of substances through them and found in areas of esophagus, mouth and cervix?

A

Squamous Epithelium

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17
Q

What Tissue are tall as they are wide and shaped like cubes or hexagons, and have microvilli at the apical surface, function to secretion or absorption?

A

Cuboidal Epithelium

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18
Q

What shaped is found in areas as the salivary glands and thyroid follicles?

A

Cuboidal Epithelium

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19
Q

What tissue is taller than they are wide, protect underlying tissue, on the apical surfaces may have cilia or microvilli and often specialized for secretion and absorption?

A

Columnar Epithelium

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20
Q

What tisses is found in GI tract, respitory tract and fallopian tubes?

A

Columnar Epithelium

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21
Q

What tissue are found in organs such as the urinary bladder?

A

Transitional Epithelium

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21
Q

What is a single layer of cells that functions in a diffusion, osmosis , filtration, secretion and absorption?

A

Simple Epithelium

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22
What tissue it is a simple epithelium that looks stratified because of the cells nuclei lie at different levels?
Pseudostratified Epithelium
23
Goblet cell is an example of what kind of cell?
Pseudostratified Epithelium
24
What type of cells provide two forms of locomotion depending on the cell?
Ciliated Epithelial Cells
25
What are the two locomotion that the ciliated Epithelial cell do?
a. Movement of the cell itself (like bacteria) or some parasites b. Movements of particles or substances across or around the cell.
26
What cells increase the surface of the cell by multiplying the area from two dimensions to three dimensions?
Microvilli on epithelial cells
27
What is a highly-insoluble fibrous proteins with water-proofing qualities and high friction resistance?
Keratin
28
What cells loose their nucleus and organelle to make room for keratin?
Keratinocytes
29
What type of epithelium is found on wet/interior surfaces exposed to considerable wear and tear?
Non-Keratinized Stratified
30
Non-Keratinized Stratified are found in what locations?
Mouth cavity, pharynx, larynx , esophagus and vagina
31
What epithelium tissue found on dry/outer surface where resistance to both friction and water is needed?
Keratinized Stratified Epithelium
32
What connective cell is the most common in CT and also synthesize and secrete collagen and elastin?
Fibroblasts
33
What CT cell also know as a fat cell or adipose cells, specialized for cytoplasmic storage of lipid as natural fats and serves to cushion and insulate the skin and other organs?
Adipocytes
34
What CT cell function in localized release of compounds important to inflammatory response, innate immunity and tissue repair?
Mast Cells
35
What CT fibers are the most abundant and very strong and resistant to shear forces?
Collagen Fibers
36
Collagen Fibers are found in areas such as?
Stoma of the lungs
37
What CT fibers produced strength and support in the walls of small blood vessels and stroma supporting framework of many soft organs?
Reticular Fibers
38
Reticular Fibers CT cells can be found where?
Immune system, liver, endocrine, spleen and lymph nodes
39
What are the three various types of cell membranes?
a. Mucus b. Serous c. Synovial
40
Epithelial layer secretes mucous via ?
Goblet Cells
41
What is the Mucous Membrane functions?
a. Prevents cavities from drying out b. Traps particles in the respiratory c. Lubricates and absorbs food as it moves through the tract, secretes digestive enzyme. d. helps bind the epithelium to underlying structures
42
What membranes e that lines a body cavity that doesn't open directly to exterior and covers organs that lie with in the cavity?
Serous Membranes
43
What membrane lines joints, and secretes synovial fluids?
Synovial Membranes
44
What tissue is the outermost layer of the skin and consists primarily of continually regenerating keratinocytes?
Epidermis
45
What is the upper level of the epidermis which cells here consist primarily of keratin and cells here shed and replaced from below?
Stratum Corneum
46
What is the lower level of the epidermis where stem cells layer and new cells arise here?
Stratum Basale
47
What layer of skin is located between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue?
Dermis
48
What layer of the dermis contains the terminal endings of capillaries, lymph vessels, and sensory neurons?
Papillary Layer
49
What cell has the primary function is to synthesize and transfer melanin to adjacent keratinocytes?
Melanocytes
50
What cells consist of tactile discs and neurons for touch sensation?
Markel Cells
51
What is hair comprised of?
Fused keratinized cells
52
What does the hair helps protect?
scalp, eyes and nostrils
53
What type of glands secretion directly into the bloodstream?
Endocrine Glands
54
What type of glands secretes onto an epithelial surface via a duct?
Exocrine Glands
55
What is an exocrine gland in the skin that opens into a hair follicle and secretes an oily/waxy sebum?
Sebaceous Glands
56
Sebaceous secretions work in conjunction with apocrine glands in?
Thermoregulation
57
What subgroup of Sudoriferous glands empties directly onto the skin surface, not from the hair follicles, and serves as a major thermoregulation component?
Eccrine Glands
58
What subgroup of Sudoferios glands are attached to the hair follicle and produce sweat that is cloudy, viscous, initially, and later becomes smelly?
Apocrine Glands
59
What part of the nail is visible and colored pink because of underlying capillaries?
Nail Body (Plate)
60
What part of the nail is a thickened area of stratum corneum beneath the free edge that attaches the free edge to the fingertip?
Nail Bed
61
What are the functions of the nail?
a. Protects distal phalanxes b. helps with counter pressure when picking things up c. Enables "extended precision grip" for pulling and certain cutting or scraping actions
62
What are the three main pigments that influence skin pigmentation?
a. Melanin (epidermis) b. Carotene (dermis) c. Hemoglobin
63
What is the primary determinant of skin color, hair color and eye color?
Melanin
64
What are yellow-colored, lipid-soluble componds found in red, orange, yellow, and green vegetables and fruits?
Carotenoids
65
What stimulates melanin production?
UV light exposure
66
What condition is known for having Meloninocytes but doesn't produce melanin?
Albinism
67
What conditions do not have melanocytes at all?
Vitiligo
68
What are the five functions of the skin?
a. Temperature Regulation b. Protection c. Cutaneous Sensation d. Excretion and Absorption e. Synthesis of vitamin D
69
When will the skin synthesis Vit. D and then is coveted into what?
UV radiation exposure, Calcitrol
70
What are the five signs of inflammation?
a. Localized Hyperthermia "Warm SKin" b. Erythema "red" c. Localized edema d. Pain e. Loss of function
71
What are the three types of derm inflammation Patterns?
a. Granulomatous Inflammation (cystic) b. Suppurative (Abscess) c. Ulcerative (ulcers)
72
What are inevitable physiological changes in the skin that occur with time and are influenced by genetic and hormonal factors?
Intrinsic Aging
73
What are preventable structural and functional changes of the skin that occurs with exposure?
Extrinsic Aging
74
What are four factors that can be a factor in extrinsic aging?
a. Environmental Factors b. Lifestyle (Tob., ETOH,Drugs) c. Social determinants d. Elective cosmetic surgeries
75
What are some things that are happing in epidermal aging between ages 30 and 80?
1. Deterioration of wound repair capacity. 2. Easier injury to the underlying tissue (thinking) 3. Elevated risk of skin cancer in the elderly. 4. Weakened cutaneous immunity in the elderly.
76
What is happening in dermal aging?
1. reduction of collagen fiber production. 2. Reduction of elastic Fiber production 3. Abnormalities in ground substances
77
What is happing in the Regeneration phase of the tissue repair phase?
The damaged tissue is completely restored to the pre-injury/normal state via new growth.
78
What phase of skin repair happens when severely damaged or non-renewable tissues is repaired by the underlying down connective tissue, resulting in scaring?
Replacement Phase
79
What tissue repairs itself the fastest?
Epithelial
80
What tissue repairs itself the slowest?
Nervous
81
How long is the inflammation phase?
1-3 days
82
What phase serves mainly to clear bacteria and debris from the wound and to prepare the wound environment for repair?
Inflammation Phase
83
How long is the Proliferative Phase
2-10 days
84
What Phase of healing purpose is to construct granulation tissue to fill the defect caused by the wound?
Proliferative Phase
85
How long is the Early Remodeling phase?
2-3 weeks
86
How long is the Late Remodeling Phase?
months to > 1 year
87
What are examples of healing by primary intentions?
Sutures, staples, and dorm adhesive
88
What is an example of helping with secondary intentions?
Wound Packing
89
What layer of Epidermis found only in palms and soles of the hands and feet?
Stratum Lucidum
90
What layer of the Epidermis where losing cell organelles and nuclei and also infusion of waterproofing lipids?
Stratum Granulosum
91
What layer of the Epidermis where cells beginning to look flattened?
Stratum Spinosum
92
For the nail what is the name of the distal margin of nail plate?
Free edge
93
What is a semi-circular layer of epithelial cells of stratum corneum covering the proximal portion of the nail plate?
Cuticle
94
What is the portion of the nail that's not visible?
Nail Root
95
What proximal portion of the epithelium deep to the nail root where new nails cell are produced?
Nail Matrix

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