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A & P Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Anatomy

A

the study of structure of the body
(ex: bones, muscles, membranes)

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2
Q

Definition of Physiology

A

the study of functions of how our body functions
(ex: heart responds to temperature, sweat)

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3
Q

The Levels of organization

A

Atoms (smallest unit of a chemical)
Molecules (consists of 2 or more atoms)
Macromolecules (composed of small)
Cells (basic unit of life)
Tissues
Organs
Organ system
Organism

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4
Q

Characteristics of Life shared by all organisms

A

Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Movement
Metabolism

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5
Q

Maintenance of Life

A

Water- most abundant chemical
Other Chemicals- O2, nutrients
Heat- temperature controls all reaction rates
Pressure- breathe, circulation

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6
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Maintaining stable internal environment

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7
Q

Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms

A

Stimulus- a change in the internal environment
Receptors- senses change
Control Center (Set point)- the change is compared to the set point
Effectors- muscle/gland make a change
Response- the change is corrected

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8
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Occurs in most homeostatic mechanisms, brings back to set point
(ex: when youre cold, your vessels constrict, you shiver)

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9
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Unstable conditions, furthest away from set point
(ex: child birth)

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10
Q

Different Membranes

A

Pleural- thoracic cavity/lungs
Pericardial
Peritoneal

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11
Q

Body Cavities

A

Axial- head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular- upper and lower limbs

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12
Q

Axial Body Cavity Contains

A

Cranial Cavity- brain
Vertebral Cavity- spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity- heart, lungs, mediastinum
Abdominal Cavity- stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, most of intestines
Pelvic Cavity- end of large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs
Diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelivic cavities

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13
Q

Body systems and their functions

A

Integumentary- protect (skin)
Skeletal- support and protect (bones)
Muscular- movement (muscles)
Nervous- integrate and communicate (brain, spinal cord, and nerves)
Endocrine- integrate and communicate (pituitary, pancreas, and more)
Cardiovascular- transport (blood vessels, heart)
Lymphatic- transport and immune (lymph node, thymus, spleen)
Digestive- digest (stomach, intestines, and more)
Respiratory- exchange O2 and CO2 (lungs and air passages)
Urinary- excretion (kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra)
Reproductive- produce offspring (male and female organs)

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14
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Body erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides with palms forward

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15
Q

Superior

A

above another part

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16
Q

Inferior

A

below another part

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16
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

front

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17
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

back

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18
Q

Medial

A

closer to the midline

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19
Q

Lateral

A

towards the side, away from midline

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20
Q

Ipsilateral

A

structures on the same side of body

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20
Q

Bilateral

A

paired structures with one on each side

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21
Q

Contralateral

A

structures on opposite sides of body

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22
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to point of attachment to trunk or another referenced body part

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23
Distal
further from point of attachment to trunk or another referenced body part
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Superficial or peripheral
near the surface or outward
25
Deep
more internal than other structure
26
Sagittal
divides body into left and right portions
27
Midsagittal
divides body into EQUAL left and right portions
28
Transverse (horizontal)
divides body into upper (superior) and lower portions (inferior)
29
Frontal (coronal)
divides body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
30
9 Abdominal Regions
Epigastric- upper middle part Right and left hypochondriac- to the sides of the epigastric region Umbilical- middle part Right and left lateral (lumbar)- to the sides of the umbilical region Pubic (hypogastric)- lower middle part Right and left inguinal (iliac)- to the sides of pubic region
31
4 abdominal quadrants
Right upper Right lower Left upper Left lower
32
Definition of Chemistry
the branch of science that deals with the composition and characteristics of chemicals
33
Definition of Matter
anything that has weight (mass) and takes up space (living and nonliving things) all matter is composed of elements
34
Definition of Elements
the smallest units of matter with specific chemical properties
35
What are atoms?
the smallest unit of an element
36
What are chemical bonds?
attractions between 2 or more atoms
37
Atomic Structure
Nucleus- central portion of an atom containing protons and neutrons
38
Protons
they have a positive charge
39
Neutrons
uncharges
40
Electrons
they have a negative charge
41
What are ions?
atoms that gain or lose one or more electrons become charged
42
What is an atomic number?
The number of protons in the atom of an element
43
What is a mass number?
the number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus
44
What is an isotope?
atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers
45
What are shells?
areas of space around the nucleus. this is where electrons are found
46
What is an ionic bond?
when oppositely charged ions attract each other
47
What is covalent bonding?
when atoms share electrons in order to fill their outermost shells and become stable
48
What is a molecular formula?
represents the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule (H2O, C6H12O6)
49
What is a structural formula?
uses single lines to illustrate single bonds, double lines represent double bonds
50
What is a chemical reaction?
when bonds are formed or broken between atoms, ions, or molecules
51
What are reactants?
Substances that are changes by a reaction
52
What are products?
the result of an action or process
53
What are decomposition reactions?
when larger molecules are broken into smaller ones AB + A---> B
54
What is a synthesis reactions?
when two or more atoms or molecules bond together, forming a more complex product A + B ---->AB
55
What are exchange reactions?
when molecules switch places by breaking chemical bonds and forming new ones AB + CD ---> AD + CB
56
What are reversable reactions?
when the products can change back into reactants. they are symbolized by using double arrows AB + CD <-----> AD + CB
57
What are catalysts?
they influence the speed of chemical reactions without being used up in the process
58
What are electrolytes?
Substances that release ions in water that can carry electric charge in the body
59
What are bases?
Electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions
60
What are acids?
Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water
61
pH scale range
0-14 0-7 is more acidic 7-14 is more alkaline or basic
62
Normal blood pH range
7.35-7.45
63
Organic vs inorganic molecules
Organic: contain both hydrogen and carbon, do not release ions and can dissolve in water (non electrolytes) ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Inorganic: usually dissolve in water and release ions (electrolytes) ex: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts
63
What are buffers?
chemicals that combine with excess acids or bases to help minimize pH changes
64
Inorganic substance: water
most abundant compound, important for transporting solutes in the body, absorbs and transports heat
65
Inorganic Substance: oxygen
needed to release energy from nutrients, inspired in the lungs
66
Inorganic Substance: Carbon dioxide
waste product during metabolic reactions, expired in the lungs
66
Inorganic substances: salts
consisting of oppositely charged ions,
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