A&P Flashcards
1
Q
Females mice/rats will commonly have an estrus period
A
within 20-24 hours of parturition
2
Q
Secretion of porphyrin is also called
A
chromodacyorrhea
3
Q
female rats reach sexual maturity in
A
6-8weeks
4
Q
which type of animal is the direct result of mating two different inbred strains?
A
hybrid
5
Q
mice are usually weaned by
A
14 days
6
Q
the red color produced from the Hardarian glands is caused by
A
phorphyrins
7
Q
brown fat is found
A
over the neck and between the scapulae
8
Q
animals that are the result of at least 20 generations of inbred mating are referred to as
A
strain
9
Q
copulatory plugs are
A
indicate copulation occurred
10
Q
offspring or neonates are referred to as
A
pups
11
Q
when sexing mice and rats, males have a greater distance between the anus and the genital papilla
A
true
12
Q
when female mice are housed together without a male
A
they will become anestrus
13
Q
rats are capable of swimming under water because they
A
have controllable nares to help seal the airways
14
Q
rats and mice have brachyodontic molars
A
true
15
Q
rats bones will continue to grow throughout life
A
true
16
Q
what cannot be used to confirm genetic purity in research animals
A
out crossing
17
Q
the red-pigmented substance that is discharged near the eyes in ill or anils under stress is
A
porphyrin
18
Q
the avg life span of a mouse is
A
12-36 months
19
Q
rats and mice that have been randomly bred are termed
A
stock
20
Q
the normal body temp for a mouse/rat is
A
98.6F
21
Q
rats and mice are
A
spontaneous ovulators
22
Q
the gall bladder in rats is deeply embedded into the liver
A
false
23
Q
the secretions of which gland are often referred to as red tears?
A
Harderian gland
24
Q
what structure prevents a rat from vomiting?
A
limiting ridge
25
what is the life expectancy of rats?
2-3 years
26
which of the following is a result of epiphyses of the bones that do not close in most rats?
rats grow continuously throughout their life
27
the use of mice and rats for lab animals is necessary
the insure adequate testing
28
the bruce effect describes
how females will abort early pregnancies if exposed to a new male
29
the uterus in rats is describes as
bicornuate
30
the term means that rats and mice's incisors will continuously grow throughout their life
hyspodontic
31
mice and rats who have had parts of their DNA removed or altered not to express a given trait are called
hybrid
32
the whitten effect describes
how females exposed to a male after not being around one will all start to cycle in 3 days
33
rats and mice that are the result of brother-sister or parent-offspring mating are called
inbred
34
estrus will last approximately how long in mice/rats
4-5 days
35
the pancreas in rats
lies throughout the mesentery and has multiple ducts emptying into the intestine
36
which of the following rats is often used for autoimmune disease research
brown
37
randomly bred mice or rats are referred to as
stock
38
which animals have similar characteristics but are not genetically identical
stock
39
the rat is a common research animal for cardiac studies
false
40
when males and females are continuously housed together, it is referred to as
intensive breeding
41
gestation length for a rat is
21-23 days
42
which of the following rats is often used for mammary tumor research
Albany
43
the space between the incisors and premolars is called (rabbits)
diastema
44
the doe will (rabbits)
nurse only a few minutes each day
45
mature female rabbits develop a large fold of skin under the chin that is known as the
dewlap
46
which physiologic feature makes rabbits well adapted for running?
rear limbs longer than the forelimbs
47
the second pair of incisors in rabbits is referred to as
peg teeth
48
which of the following do rabbits tend to consume directly from their anus as an important step to proper nutrition
cecotroph
49
what are rabbits missing?
uterus
50
what is the average HR of rabbits?
180-250
51
night feces are also called
cecotrophs
52
what is the gestation period of rabbits?
29-35 days
53
the most common breed of rabbit used in biomedical research is the
new zealand white
54
Because rabbits harbor a number of bacterial and viral agents without showing symptoms, researchers must often use which type of rabbit to avoid inducing variables into the study?
specific pathogen free
55
rabbits ween their offspring around
5-8weeks
56
how many canine teeth do rabbits have?
none
57
rabbits lack foot pads
true
58
lop type of rabbits are noted for
droopy ears
59
which gender of rabbits tend to be larger?
females
60
rabbits teeth ahve open roots and continue to grow throughout the animal's life. What is the term?
hypsodontic
61
normal body temp for rabbits is
101-104
62
male rabbits are called?
bucks
63
rabbits are omnivores
false
64
the large ears of rabbits are useful in
thermoregulation
65
the agouti hair pattern is what the normal wild rabbit looks like
true
66
the domestic rabbit was the first animal model for
atherosclerosis
67
the female rabbit is called a
doe
68
New zealand white rabbits have what colored eyes?
red
69
in many breeding colonies, 1 male will service how many females?
10-20
70
spraying urine, aggressive behavior, destructive chewing, biting or nipping can all be a sign of (rabbits)
sexual maturity
71
Rabbits were originally classified in the order of Rodentia but due to this physiologic difference were reclassified into their own order. What was this physiologic difference?
two pairs of upper incisors
72
in which condiiton that generally lasts 15-17 days, might the doe exhibit mammary development and normal nesting behavior?
pseudopregnancy
73
how long does pseudopregnancy last in rabbits?
15-17 days
74
the penis of male rabbits is located posterior to the scrotum
true
75
the act of parturition in rabbits is referred to as
kindling
76
what is the normal RR of rabbits?
30-60 bpm
77
what type of ovulators are does?
induced ovulators
78
Female New Zealand White Rabbits reach puberty around what age?
5 months
79
rabbits have a special WBC that is described as a predominant granular red stained neutrophil. What is the official name?
heterophil
80
ovulation occurs approximately how many hours after coitus? (rabbits)
10 hours
81
what is the avg litter size for rabbits?
4-12
82
irritancy testing has become inaccurate because researchers are anesthetizing the eyes of rabbits now
false
83
what breed would be more difficult to determine gender in (rabbits)
dwarf hotot
84
the hear of rabbits is relatively small compared to other species of similar size
true
85
the large ears of rabbits makes them useful for
antibody production research
86
what type of crystals are you most likely to see in the urine of rabbits?
calcium carbonate
87
Zygodactyl digits point in an anterior direction where Anisodactyl digits point in a posterior or caudal direction
false
88
what do avian species lack?
diaphragm
89
what bird is a passiforme
canary
90
how long does it take for egg development in birds?
15 hours
91
what V-shaped slit on the roof of the mouth in birds directs air from the mouth and nasal cavities to the glottis
choana
92
what portion of the digestive system in birds is responsible for grinding food products?
ventriculus (gizzard)
93
what special sense in birds is not well developed?
touch
94
secretions from what gland keeps feathers waterproof?
preen
95
what is the gizzard referred to as?
ventriculus
96
the heart of birds in comparison to mammals is
1.5 times larger
97
what bones are considered pneumatic in many avian species?
humerus, femur, pelvis, skull, ribs, sternum
98
what type of bones found in birds contain air-filled spaces, known as sinuses, that reduce the weight of the bone?
pneumatic bones
99
birds are colorblind
false
100
what type of feather covers the outermost layer of the body?
contour feathers
101
the areas between feather tracts are known as
apteria
102
what bone is not pneumatized in birds?
ulna
103
What type of bird is columbiformes
dove
104
a common passage for the GI, urinary, and reproductive systems (birds)
cloaca
105
what is the external opeing through what droppings pass in birds?
vent
106
in birds, the ventral wall of the esophagus is greatly expanded to form the
crop
107
the pectoral muscles in a bird attach to what?
keep
108
the iris of a bird's eye is formed by a muscle that enables the bird to control the size of its pupil voluntary
striated
109
the vitreous humor in the posterior chamber of the eye contains a ribbonlike structure attached to the retina (birds)
pectin
110
during respiration process of birds, air circulates continuously and passes through the lungs how many times?
2 times
111
what is the average number of air sacs birds have?
9
112
broken blood feathers can potentially lead to death in a bird?
true
113
what is another name for the sternum in a bird?
keel
114
how many chambers does the avian heart have?
4 chambers
115
biting by birds can be a sign of what?
dominance, jealousy, and fear
116
food passes down the esophagus on the right side of the neck in birds and enters what structure?
crop
117
the respiration system of birds is different form in mammals in what way?
the lungs don't inflate
118
what type of feather is soft and fluffy, and has the purpose of providing insulation
down
119
cockatoos, cockatiels, and african greys have a special down feathers that
breaks down into powder
120
the preen gland is also known as
uropygial gland
121
the preen gland is located at the base of the beak to allow for distribution of the oils
false (base of tail)
122
the vent is the external opeing for the cloaca
true
123
birds have an incomplete trachea
false
124
what birds are part of psittaciformes?
macaw
125
what are the large, primary flight feathers of birds?
remiges
126
what type of feather covers the body and the wings and can be identified as either flgith or body feathers?
contour
127
the gizzard functions to
grind food into smaller pieces for digestion
128
birds have nucleated RBCs
true
129
the pectoral muscle comprises approximately what percentage of the bw of birds
20%
130
what type of bird is Galliforme
duck
131
hamsters have ____ lobes to the left lung, and ____ right lung lobes
1:5
132
the breed of guinea pig most commonly used in biomedical research is the
English
133
Hamsters reach puberty between ____ weeks of age
6-8
134
guinea pigs have a small gap between their premolars and molars called the diastema
true
135
what can be introduced into hamsters with dietary modicications
caries
136
Gerbils are native to:
the harsh desert regions of the Mongolia, southern siberia, and northern china
137
gerbils are
diurinal
138
male hamsters are more aggressive than female hamsters
false
139
when breeding hamsters, mating should begin within ___ minutes. If this does not occur the female should be removed
5
140
What is the gestational period of hamsters
15-18 days
141
the estrus cycle of hamsters is roughly ____ days
4
142
what can occur if guinea pigs are bred for the first time too late in life?
dystocia
143
what species has the shortest gestation periof of all the laboratory species?
hamster
144
what guinea pig breed is described as having coarse, short haircoat that grows in whorls or resettes
Abyssinian
145
Guinea pigs have ____ digits on their front feet and ____ digits on their hind feet
4:3
146
a sow in estrus will arch its back and sway the hindquarters. This action is called
lordosis
147
What feature of the hamster cheek pouches makes it excellent site for carcinogenic agent studies?
the lack of lymphoid tissue
148
the hamster is named for the german word, hamstern, which means to
hoard
149
what is a unique repro trait of gerbils?
males will assist in caring for offspring
150
hamsters can be used in research medicine because of the unique qualities of their cheek pouches, what studies are they used for in regards to their cheek pouches?
carcinogenic studies
151
the hamster has large deposits of brown adipose tissue. What is the primary function of this tissue?
temp regulation
152
brown fat is colored darker bc
large numbers of mitochondria
153
cages don't require a cover bc guinea pigs lack the ability to
jump
154
gerbils are social animals but can become aggressive when
overcrowded
155
a male guinea pig is known as
boar
156
what might a female hamster put into her cheek pouches?
feed and offspring
157
gerbils are monogamous and can be bred for life
true
158
hamsters are native to
the semiarid regions of southeast europe and asia minor
159
what unique feature of gerbils makes them an excellent animal for endocrine funciton studies?
low water intake and highly concentrated urine
160
hamsters are the only commonly used lab animal that
hibernates
161
what is the costovertebral gland known as?
flank gland
162
hamsters are popular as research models because
they reproduce quickly and easily
163
guinea pigs are born precocious. this means
fully haired, eyes open, and capable of eating solid food within hours
164
female hamsters can cannibalize their young if they feel startled or threatened for up to a week post partum
true
165
where are the harderian glands located in hamsters
behind thier eyeballs
166
the genus species name fot he hamster most often used in biomedical research is
cricetulus migratorius
167
both hamsters and gerbils are resistant to
radiation
168
what is the gestational period for gerbils?
25 days
169
the cheek pouches in hamsters are large enough to extend back to the shoulder region
true
170
gerbil cages should be securely fitting lid bc gerbils can
jump fairly high
171
hamsters are born
with full set of permanent teeth
172
the ventral sebaceous gland is used for
marking territories
173
hamsters have a similarity to humans that
the molar teeth are susceptible to caries
174
hamsters are
solitary animals
175
Reptiles are known to have what bacteria that has a zoonotic potential of major concern for their human caretakers?
salmonella spp
176
in a reptile enclosure there should be an area where the animal can move into different temperature areas. this would be considered a temperature
gradient
177
giving birth to live young is called
vivparous
178
chameleons should have access to water by
placing a water bowl in the tree limbs
179
courtship behavior could include what?
biting, dewlap extension, and head bobbing
180
snakes are commonly used in research bc
their skin is similar to humans and are therefore used for transdermal research
181
a red-eared sldier would have what type of skull?
anapsid
182
what breed is a strict carnivore?
snake
183
what should be added to the food of herbivore species?
vitamin c
184
reptiles shed the outmost layer of skin on a regular basis. this process is referrred to as
ecdysis
185
a reptile that ahs a thin and distensible esophagus and stomach would likely be
carnivourous
186
the scutes on a turtle are made up of
karatinized epithelium
187
chelonians use what structure to acquire and tear their food?
tomia
188
the vocal cords in reptiles allow for the various sounds made for mating and defensive strategies
false
189
what feature is unique about the reptile heart?
3 chambers
190
the superorder squamata includes snakes and lizards
true
191
the cloaca performs
fecal functions, reproductive functions, and urinary functions
192
what unique feature of some species of reptiles that is associated with thermoregulation
color changes
193
in the skin of chameleons, what allows for reflectivity of visible light that results in a color change?
chromatophores
194
what defense mehcanism of reptiles involves distracting the pursuer with a contracting or wiggling object while the lizard makes its escape
tail autonomy
195
the bones of the tortoise shell are covered with specialied structures made up of
keratin
196
the forked tongue of snakes and lizards assists in delivering scent particles to the vomernasal organ called the
jacobson's organ
197
the upper and lower shells of a turtle are referred to as
plastron and carapace
198
what would be the best choice to feed to an adult corn snake?
thawed frozen mouse
199
if a reptile is oviparous that means it
lays eggs
200
the ventral part of a chelonian shell is called te
plastron
201
what adaptation allows for snakes to be able to consume large prey
the glottis is found on the floor of the mouth, the glottis is mobile, and thin esophagus that can easily expand
202
venom producing glands are
modified salivary glands
203
a reptile with a skull that has temporal openings is called
diapsid
204
what are the most commonly used reptiles in research?
snakes
205
a technician has given a bearded dragon an injection of a nephrotoxic medication caudal to the kidneys. what can be the result of injection?
the medication could result in kidney damage
206
what species has complete cartiliginous tracheal rings?
tortoises
207
tail autonomy is best described as
both a defensive move to escape predation and the ability to regrow the tail after dismemberment
208
the bone of the middle ear in reptiles is called the
columella
209
water supplies for reptiles should be consistent with their normal habitiat. what would that include?
water in shallow rock depressions, no deeper than the legs of the animal, and misting foliage
210
what feature allows snakes to breathe while ingesting prey
the mobile glottis that is located caudal to the tongue
211
the term ecdysis refers to
shedding of the ksin
212
water is absorbed or can be absorbed from the what in a reptile?
cloaca, urinary bladder, rectum
213
reptiles are endothermic
false
214
spahgnum moss can be utilized for reptile species that need high humidity area in theri enclosure
true
215
chromatophores are
changing the ksin colors for camouflage
216
the nephron of reptiles is not capable of removing water from the urine to form a more conentrated urin
true
217
the reptillian heart is uniqe in that deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood can mix in the ventricle
true
218
reptiles require UV light to produce
vitamin d
