A&P Flashcards
1
Q
What are the general senses?
A
temperature
Pain
Tactile
Visceral
Proprioception
2
Q
T/F: the general purposes of the senses are survival and protection
A
TRUE
3
Q
The sense of pain is also called
A
nociception
4
Q
T/F: the gustatory, olfactory, auditory, vestibular all use “Hair cells” in the production of impulses to the brain
A
TRUE
5
Q
Animals that are ________ have a greater sense of smell
A
Macrosmatic
6
Q
The different shapes of transparent objects can cause light to bend. This is called
A
Refraction
7
Q
What is the limbus of the eye?
A
where the cornea and sclera join/meet
8
Q
The parts of the uvea are the
A
Iris, choroid, ciliary body
9
Q
Where is the tapetum located and what is its purpose?
A
Posterior to the eyeball- behind the retina on choroid. Iridescent aspect that reflects light back to the retina
10
Q
The lens of the eye is supported by suspensory ligaments. What happens when tension on the ligaments is relaxed by contraction of the ciliary muscle?
A
Accommodation
11
Q
T/F: aqueous humor flows from the posterior chamber through the Lupole into the anterior chamber then into the lacrimal system
A
FALSE
12
Q
What photoreceptor cells of the retina receive color?
A
Cones
13
Q
T/F: Aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary body of the sclera
A
FALSE
14
Q
Where is the lacrimal puncta located?
A
Dorsal and ventral palpebrae
15
Q
Eyes appear ‘bloodshot’ because of the vessels located in the _______ are congested and hyperemic
A
Bulbar conjunctiva
16
Q
The reasons fluid waves can be generated to initiate sound transmission in the cochlea is
A
Impedance matching due to increase leverage and surface area difference
17
Q
T/F: Perilymph waves transmitted from the scala vestibuli across a membrane to the endolymph in the scala media initiate movement at the organ of Corti, which stimulates nerve endings to create impulses perceived by the brain as sound
A
TRUE
18
Q
What system is this related to: Gravity changes the directional forces acting on otoliths of the macula located in the utricle and saccule and this is responsible for static balance.
A
The vestibular system
19
Q
T/F: The dermis contains the nerves, vessels and accessory organs of the skin.
A
TRUE
20
Q
T/F: The stratum lucidum of the epidermis is best seen in thick skin locations.
A
TRUE
21
Q
What layer of the integument provides the greatest strength?
A
Dermis
22
Q
What is the chestnut of a horse?
A
The remnant of the metacarpal/metatarsal pad
23
Q
What substance provides strength and durability to claws, hooves, horns and hair?
A
Keratin
24
Q
Define compound hair growth in animals
A
Has both primary and secondary hairs. Primary has one hair shaft per follicle and secondary has more than one hair shaft per follicle.
25
How can a hoof support the weight of an ungulate and stay attached to the corium?
The sensitive and insensitive laminate interdigitate which increases the surface area of the laminae.
26
What species has lobulated kidneys?
Bovine
27
Where is the bladder located?
Caudoventral midline at pelvic inlet
28
Granulosa cells produce
Estrogen
29
Where are sperm cells stored prior to breeding
Epididymis
30
Define uniparous
Produces only one off spring at a time
31
Rabbits have what kind of uterus?
Duplex uterus
32
What kind of cells do you see in the estrous phase
Anuclear
Superficial cells
33
What animal has a zonary placenta?
Dog
34
Oxytocin for milk letdown is released from the
Neurohypophysis
35
When something is visualized, what happens to the orientation image that is received at the retina?
It is reversed and flipped upside down
36
The inner ear structure directly associated with dynamic balance is the
Semicircular canals
37
T/F: blood supply is absent in the epidermis
TRUE
38
Where do you find stratum lucidum?
In THICK skin, such as nasal planum and paw pads
39
What kind of glands are found within the integument of the ear canal?
Ceruminous
40
What is the resting stage of hair growth?
Telogen
41
What species have lobulated kidneys?
Bovine
42
What are the structures that compose the trig one of the bladder?
Two ureters and 1 urethra exiting the neck of the bladder
43
What systems are intimately associated in controlling reproduction?
Endocrine
Nervous
44
What ovarian structure is responsible for production of estrogen?
Follicle
45
The inner ear structure directly associated with static balance is the
Utricle
Saccule
46
What endocrine organ has a separate endocrine organ attached to/imbedded in its cells?
Thyroid
47
Which hormone prevents HYPERcalcemia?
Calcitonin
48
What endocrine organ secrets mineralcorticoid hormones?
Adrenal
49
What sense allows the body to know when it comes in contact with another object?
Tactile sense
50
Where are sperm cells stored before breeding?
Epididymis
51
Loud sounds are attenuated through The reflex actions of the
Stapedius muscle
52
In which phase of mitosis does the DNA of cells divide?
Prophase
53
What is the dental formula for a puppy
2x (i3/3, c1/1, p3/3)
54
What is the gestation length for a cow
9months
55
What is the gestation period for a horse
11 months
56
What is the gestation period of a pig
3months, 3 weeks, 3 days
57
What is the gestation period of a dog/cat
2ish months
58
What hormones are secreted in the thyroid?
Calcitonin
Triiodothyronine (T3)
T4
59
The hormones of the hypothalamus
*Releasing hormones
• Somatotropin releasing
• Thyrotropin releasing
• Corticotropin releasing
• Prolactin releasing
• Gonadotropin releasing
*Inhibiting hormones
• Somatotropin release-inhibiting
• Prolactin release-inhibiting
*Hormones
• Antidiuretic hormone
• Oxytocin
60
What are the part Of the pituitary gland?
Adenohypophysis- anterior
Neurohypophysis- posterior
61
Hormones released from The adenohypophysis of the pituitary gland
FSH
LH
TSH
ACTH
GH- Somatotropin
62
Hormones released by the Neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland
Vasopressin
Prolactin
63
What hormones are produced in the adrenal glands?
Glucocorticoids
-Steroids
Cholesterol
-Cortisol
- Corticosterone
- Cortisone
Mineralocorticoids
-aldosterone
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
Sex hormones
64
What endocrine gland does PTH come from? And what does it do?
Parathyroid gland
-prevents HYPOcalcemia
65
Are there hormones produced in the intestines? If so, what are they?
YES
Stomach- gastrin
Small intestine- Cholecystokinin, secretin
66
Where is estrogen produced?
The ovaries
-ovarian follicles
67
What are the three main functions of the kidneys?
Maintaining fluid balance
Excretion through water/waste
Endocrine
68
What the hormones of the ovaries?
Estrogen
Relaxin
Progesterone
69
What is the purpose of progesterone?
Maintains pregnancy
70
What hormones are produced in the testes?
Testosterone
Estrogen
71
Where is melatonin produced?
Pineal body
72
Name the location of the kidneys
Retroperitoneal cavity
73
Standard fluxuations or minor changes in blood pressure do not affect glomerular filtration
because of
autoregulation in the afferent and efferent arterioles.
74
What happens in the renal corpuscle?
Blood flows through the glomerulus and filtrate filters into the bowman’s capsule
75
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do?
Regulates renal blood flow
76
What structure is common to both the urinary system and reproductive system?
Urethra
77
Types of asexual reproduction
Budding
Gemmules
Fragmentation
Parthenogenesis
78
T/F: Mitosis is the first cell division in the process of forming a haploid germ cell.
TRUE
79
T/F: non-functional polar body is formed after fertilization of the oocyte.
TRUE
80
Which part of the pituitary gland stores hormones for rapid release into the blood stream of a mammal?
Neurohypophysis
81
Describe the potential location of a testicle that is cryptorchid?
Somewhere between the kidneys and inguinal rings- any point along.
82
What kind of feet do pigeons have?
Anisodactyl
83
What bone do avians have that mammals do not?
Coracoid
84
What muscle is responsible for the “downstroke” in flight?
Pectoral
85
What is a pneumatic bone?
A hollow bone connected to the respiratory system- contains struts and are connected to the air sacs
86
What is pterylae?
7 tracts in which feathers grow from
87
What part of a feather is the stiff supportive structure that extends from the quill to the tip?
The rachis
88
What is the purpose of a down feather?
Insulation
89
What structures help to connect the barbs of the vane on a feather?
Hooks
90
Why should you give injections to birds cranially?
If a drug is given in the caudal part of the body, the renal portal system may carry the blood to the kidneys where the drugs could be eliminated.
91
The mammalian white blood cell that is equivalent to the avian heterophil is
Neutrophil
92
What makes the red blood cell of a bird different?
Nucleated
“Rod like”
93
What does the ventriculus (gizzard) do?
Responsible for grinding ingested food
94
What are the systems that exit the body through the cloaca?
Urinary
Digestive
Reproductive
95
How much more efficient is avian respiration than mammalian?
10 times out of
96
Why can’t a mammal rotate their head to the same degree as avians?
Avians have a single condyle on their atlas which allows for further neck rotation where as mammals have two condyles on their atlas.
97
T/F: in birds, the bladder stores uric acid along with a small amount of fluid until it is expelled through the coprodeum of the cloaca
FALSE
98
What does “indeterminate clutch” mean?
Female birds will continue to lay eggs as replacement for eggs that are removed therefore amount of eggs will always vary
99
Why do alligators have the ability to open their mouth under water without water getting into their lungs?
They have a secondary palate which closes under water that prevents the water entering the lungs while still allowing them to open their mouth under water
100
How many stomach chambers do crocodilia have?
2 chambers
101
What species is most similar to avians and why?
Crocodiles- have 4 chambered hearts
102
What is the name of the dorsal part of a tortoise shell?
Carapace
103
Describe the blood flow through a turtle heart
R Vena cavae-> R atrium->R ventricle-> L atrium
104
How can you tell between a male and female tortoise?
Males- plastron is caudally concave, gular scutes are longer, tail is longer and thicker
105
Do tortoises have urinary bladders?
Yes duh
106
What is “autotomy?”
When a lizard drops/removes tail on own out of stress/defense
107
What is ecdysis?
Shedding of the surface of the integument
108
What causes color change in lizards?
Chromatophores
109
Why should injections be given in the cranial part of a lizard?
Due to the renal portal system, the kidneys will filter the medication-injecting cranially helps ensure the drugs goes straight into circulation and works as intended.
110
How can you determine the gender of a lizard?
Color (males more colorful)
Size (females are bigger in size)
Crests, dewlaps, femoral/preanal pores
111
How are snakes able to open their mouths wide?
have a Quadrate bone
112
What are the typical locomotions of a snake?
Serpentine
Rectilinear
Sidewinding
Concertina
113
What are keeled scales?
Rough/dry textured scales
114
What protects the gills on a fish?
Opercula
Gill rakers
115
What is oviparous?
Eggs are laid
116
How do somatic cells divide?
Through mitosis
117
Two protein components in skeletal muscle that are responsible for contraction
Actin
Myosin
118
What does the P wave stand for in an ECG ??
Atrial depolarization
119
What photoreceptors are sensitive to light and dark
Rods
120
Layers of the skin
Subcutaneous
Dermis
Epidermis
121
Are antlers considered living tissue during growth?
Yes
122
What is the gyrus of the brain?
The mountains/ridges
123
Adult canine dental formula
2x (I 3/3, C 1/1, P4/4, M2/3)
124
Steps of one air-flow in birds
1st inhalation
>airways to caudal air sacs
1st exhalation
>caudal air sacs to lungs
2nd inhalation
>lungs to cranial air sacs
2nd exhalation
>cranial air sacs to trachea and then exhaled
ALL HAPPENING AT THE SAME TIME TO RESULT IN ONE WAY FLOW
125
What happens in the urodeum?
H2O absorption
126
Do birds have a bladder?
Sike
127
Parts of the female reproductive system in avians and what they do
infundibulum- catches ovum
Magnum- secretes albumin (egg whites)
Isthmus- shell membranes
Uterus- hard shell is created
Vagina- secretes mucus, stores sperm
128
What is a determinate clutch?
Set number of eggs
129
What control centers are small is avians?
Taste
Touch
Smell
130
What is phonation?
Making noise
131
What are the primary functions of the respiratory system in mammals?
Ventilation
Respiration
132
What are the secondary functions of the respiratory system in mammals?
Phonation
Temperature regulation
Acid base balance
Olfactory sense
133
What are the parts of the lower air way track in mammals?
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
134
What is dead space?
No gas exchange
135
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Storage
Creates concentrated bile
136
What is the primary characteristic that defines the Squamata order?
The presence of scaled skin.
137
True or False: Squamata includes both lizards and snakes.
True.
138
Fill in the blank: The Squamata order is divided into two main suborders: __________ and __________.
Lacertilia (lizards) and Serpentes (snakes).
139
What is the function of the Jacobson's organ in Squamata?
It is used for chemoreception, allowing them to detect chemical cues in their environment.
140
Which skeletal feature is unique to snakes within the Squamata?
The presence of a highly flexible skull that allows for the consumption of large prey.
141
Multiple Choice: What type of reproduction is most common in Squamata?
A) Oviparous
B) Viviparous
C) Both A and B
C) Both A and B.
142
What is the typical body covering of Squamata?
Overlapping scales made of keratin.
143
Short Answer: Name one adaptation in Squamata that aids in locomotion.
Lateral undulation or sidewinding.
144
True or False: All Squamata are carnivorous.
False; some are herbivorous or omnivorous.
145
What type of skull structure do most lizards possess?
A kinetic skull that allows for movement between certain bones.
146
What is glomerular filtration?
The process by which the kidneys filter blood, removing excess waste and fluids.
147
True or False: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measure of how well the kidneys are filtering blood.
True
148
Fill in the blank: The primary site of glomerular filtration in the kidney is the ________.
glomerulus
149
Which substance is primarily used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Creatinine
150
Multiple Choice: Which of the following factors does NOT affect glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? A) Blood pressure B) Age C) Skin color D) Kidney health
C) Skin color
151
What is the primary mechanism that maintains glomerular filtration rate (GFR) despite changes in blood pressure?
The autoregulation of renal blood flow.
152
True or False: Glomerular filtration rate decreases significantly with high blood pressure.
False.
153
Fill in the blank: The myogenic response of afferent arterioles helps to _____ glomerular filtration rate.
stabilize.
154
Which two factors are primarily involved in the regulation of GFR?
Afferent and efferent arteriolar resistance.
155
Multiple Choice: What happens to the GFR if systemic blood pressure rises significantly?
It remains relatively constant due to autoregulation.
156
What is the primary purpose of impedance matching in the auditory system?
To ensure efficient transmission of sound vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear.
157
True or False: The middle ear plays a crucial role in impedance matching.
True
158
Fill in the blank: The three bones of the middle ear are known as the ________.
ossicles
159
Which structure in the auditory system is primarily responsible for amplifying sound pressure?
The ossicles
160
Multiple choice: What is the consequence of poor impedance matching in the auditory system? A) Enhanced sound clarity B) Hearing loss C) Increased sound volume
B) Hearing loss
161
What are hemipenes?
Hemipenes are the paired reproductive organs of male reptiles, particularly found in squamates like snakes and lizards.
162
True or False: Hemipenes are used for both reproduction and locomotion.
False
163
Fill in the blank: Hemipenes are usually ______ in shape, often with spines or hooks.
forked
164
Which of the following reptiles possess hemipenes? A) Turtles B) Snakes C) Crocodiles
B) Snakes
165
What is the primary function of hemipenes?
The primary function of hemipenes is to transfer sperm to the female during mating.
166
What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the integument?
To produce keratin, a protein that helps waterproof and protect the skin.
167
True or False: Melanocytes are responsible for the production of melanin.
True.
168
Fill in the blank: The cells that provide immune defense in the skin are called ______.
Langerhans cells.
169
Which type of cell is responsible for the sensation of touch in the skin?
Merkel cells.
170
Multiple choice: What is the role of fibroblasts in the integument? A) Produce melanin B) Produce collagen C) Detect touch D) Generate keratin
B) Produce collagen.
171
What are the two main layers of skin where these cells are found?
The epidermis and dermis.
172
True or False: Adipocytes are found in the epidermis.
False.
173
Short answer: Name one function of sebaceous glands in the integument.
To secrete sebum, which lubricates and waterproofs the skin.
174
What is the role of sweat glands in thermoregulation?
They help cool the body through the evaporation of sweat.
175
Fill in the blank: The outermost layer of the epidermis is called the ______.
stratum corneum.
176
What are the two main components of the musculoskeletal system?
Bones and muscles
177
True or False: The musculoskeletal system provides structure and support to the body.
True
178
Fill in the blank: The primary function of _____ is to facilitate movement.
muscles
179
What type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movements in mammals?
Skeletal muscle
180
Which part of the bone is responsible for the production of blood cells?
Bone marrow
181
Multiple choice: What is the strongest bone in the mammalian body? A) Femur B) Humerus C) Tibia D) Radius
A) Femur
182
What is the term for the junction between two bones?
Joint
183
True or False: Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that can be found in joints.
True
184
What is the main function of ligaments?
To connect bones to other bones
185
Fill in the blank: The _____ skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, and ribs.
axial
186
What type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
Ball-and-socket joint
187
Multiple choice: Which muscle type is involuntary? A) Cardiac B) Skeletal C) Smooth D) Both A and C
D) Both A and C
188
What is the primary mineral found in bones?
Calcium
189
True or False: The appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and the girdles.
True
190
What is the role of tendons in the musculoskeletal system?
To connect muscles to bones
191
What cells secret HCL?
Parietal cells
192
What type of cells are Goblet cells?
Goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells that secrete mucus.
193
True or False: Parietal cells are responsible for producing hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
True
194
Fill in the blank: Goblet cells are primarily found in the _____ and _____ tracts.
respiratory, digestive
195
Which type of cell is primarily involved in the secretion of intrinsic factor?
Parietal cells
196
Multiple Choice: What is the main function of mucus secreted by Goblet cells? A) Protection B) Digestion C) Absorption D) Respiration
A) Protection
197
True or False: Beta cells are responsible for insulin secretion.
True
198
Fill in the blank: The main function of beta cells is to produce and secrete ______.
insulin
199
Which type of cell in the Ilet of Langerhans regulates blood glucose levels?
Beta cells
200
Multiple Choice: What hormone do beta cells primarily produce? A) Glucagon B) Insulin C) Somatostatin D) Cortisol
B) Insulin
201
What are some constituents of a cell wall?
Phospholipids and cholesterol
202
T/F: Germ cells divide through mitosis
False
203
What happens to a somatic cell during telophase?
Cells divide
204
Define the word articulation in regard to the skeletal system
Connecting to-
Ex. The humerus articulates to the radius and ulna
205
Muscles, regardless of type, share the characteristics of contractility, elasticity, __________ and ____________
Extensibility and excitability
206
What are two ways that ‘materials” can cross a cell membrane?
Active transport
Passive transport
207
During germ cell meiosis 4 daughter cells are produced with a _______ complement of chromosomes. The difference between the daughter cells of the male and a female is
208
What cell component is important in protein assembly from amino acids?
The ribosome
209
What is a system when referring to the body?
A group of organs and tissues working together to perform a specific function
210
T/F: The surface of stratified squamous epithelial cells can get nutrition through a fine blood capillary network
False
211
Name four types of connective tissue
Connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
212
Muscle tissue is separated into two general categories. What are they?
Voluntary and involuntary
213
214
T/F: Cortical bone has a spongy, disorganized appearance grossly but is arranged to provide added strength
False
215
What cell type is responsible for removal of old or damaged bone?
Osteoclast
216
How many cervical vertebrae does a giraffe have?
7
217
Name the bones/bone groups in the forelimb of a cat
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Sesamoids
218
What is a foramen?
Opening through a bone
219
What is a malleolus?
Small projection on tibia or fibula
220
What is a fossa?
Small depression in a bone
221
What is a trochanter?
Large projection on the femur
222
T/F: The pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs are synovial points
False
223
T/F: The tendon of a muscle attached to a relatively immobile bone is the insertion.
False
224
Muscle contraction depends on the presence of what minerals?
Calcium
225
The chemical responsible for transmitting a nerve action potential to a muscle is
Acetylcholine
226
T/F: Smooth muscle is missing actin and myosin
False
227
Define adduction
Moving towards the middle plane/body
228
Explain what will happen when a horsefly lands on the lateral thorax of a horse and explain why there is a difference when a fly lands on your side
The horse skin contacts/shakes which is the result of the cutaneous trunchi reflex- the skin of a horse a voluntary movement. Humans might feel a slight tickle- we dont respond reflexively. IDK IF THIS IS RIGHT LMK!!!
229
T/F: There are three layers of muscle on the lateral aspect of the abdomen
True
230
Name the three major cell components
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
231
Name two types of synovial joints
Hinge
Ball and socket
232
What bone articulates with and is distal to the tibia?
Talus
233
T/F: The heart is able to beat because it is controlled by a pacemaker that is controlled by the central nervous system
False
234
Define flexion
Decreasing the angle between bones
235
What is circumduction?
Movement of distal aspect in a circle
236
Define extension
Increasing the angle between bones
237
Define rotation
Turing on an axis
238
Where can you locate visceral smooth muscle?
Intestines
Uterus
Urinary bladder
239
What is the vertebral formula for a cat?
7 cervical, 13 thoracic, 7 lumbar, 3 sacral, 18-23 caudal
240
Describe the microscopic difference between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
Skeletal- long, multinucelated
Cardiac- cells are short/branched, single nucleus, intercalated discs
241
What is a ligament?
Tough fibrous band of connective tissue connecting bone to bone
242
What is an aponeurosis?
Connective tissue that serves as an attachment for muscles to bone
243
What is the purpose of a lysosome?
Maintain cellular health
244
What is the purpose of cilia on the surface of an epithelial cell?
To aid in motion within the lumen of a tubular structure
245
What are two functions of nervous tissue?
-Transmission of signals
-processing information
246
The major functions of the nervous system are
Receive stimuli
Interpret a response
247
T/F: The autonomic nervous system has two components that essentially create opposite response in the body
True
248
Which of the glial cells is responsible for adding to the blood brain barrier in the central nervous system?
Astrocytes
249
The speed of transmission of a nerve impulse is influenced by
The amount of myelin insulation
250
What is a ganglia?
Nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
251
T/F: efferent nerves are sensory nerves
False
252
describe the process of depolarization of a nerve
253
T/F: Calcium is required in the process of neurotransmitter releases from the presynaptic nerve ending
True
254
Name the four lobes of the cerebral cortex
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Frontal lobe
255
How are the nervous and endocrine system connected?
Pituitary gland is part of the diacephalon of the brain is the master endocrine gland. The hypothalamus also connects because it transmits singles to secrete hormones
256
T/F :The rostral colliculi are the part of corpora quadrigemmina and are considered the area for hearing
False
257
What is not part of brain protection?
Purkinge cells
258
What is gray matter?
Accumulation of nerve cell bodies
259
What is a type of reflex activity?
Gagging when the pharyngeal wall is stimulated
260
Name two important neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
261
Define reflex
When a nerve is stimulated and sent to the spinal cord creating an unconscious response.
262
Proprioception is
Spatial awareness- knowing where the foot is
263
What is the cholinergic neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
264
Pupillary dilation is caused by
Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
265
T/F: Heart valves function passively due to blood flow changes
True
266
T/F: blood has a regulatory role in temperature regulation
False
267
What is the primary difference between serum and plasma?
Plasma: the liquid portion of blood that remains when an anticoagulant is added to prevent clotting
Serum: the liquid portion of blood that remains after blood has clotted and the solid components (clot, blood cells, platelets) have been removed
268
Define erythropoiesis
Red blood cell production
269
What is a hypochromic macrocytic erythrocyte?
Pale enlarged RBC
270
Name two types of poikilocytes
Target cells
Stomatocytes
271
What is a reticulocyte
Young/immature red blood cell
272
Name the two agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
273
When would you expect to see an increase in eosinophils
Allergic reactions
Anti-inflammatory response
274
What happens in the heart when the first sound is heard?
The heart contracts- the av valves close
275
The formula for cardiac output is
CO = SV x HR
276
T/F: A positive inotrope increases the strength of cardiac contraction
TRUE
277
Is the pancreas not considered part of the lymphatic system?
NO.
278
T/F: an organ is considered a collection of tissues that form a structure to perform a specific function
TRUE
279
The cytoplasm of the cell contains various organelles. Which “small organ” is considered the power planet of the cell?
Mitochondria
280
Name one function of bones
Structure
Red blood cell production
281
Where do you find cortical bone
Hard outer surface of bone
282
What mineral is important in the contraction of skeletal muscle?
Calcium
283
T/F: strength of a skeletal muscle contraction is dependent on the number of muscle cells stimulated to contract
TRUE
284
Define respiration
Exchange of gasses between CO2 and O2
285
What drives oxygen from the atmosphere to enter the blood through alveolar and capillary walls and then from the blood into the tissues?
Concentration gradients/diffusion from high to low
286
What is the result of the lack of O2 in the tissues?
No atp
287
T/F: the inspiratory phase of respiration during normal activity is active
TRUE
288
Name the divisions of the upper respiratory system
Nares
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
I’m missing one more idk it was worth 5 points
289
The lungs are able to expand because of
Lung coupling to the thoracic walls and expansion of the chest
290
T/F: deglutition is to chew
False
291
How are mammals able to utilize the energy found in cellulose?
Cellulose produced by microorganisms that reside in the mammal Gi tract
292
T/F: A foregut fermenter eliminates most microorganisms responsible for fermentation and nutritional protein is obtained primarily from diet.
FALSE
293
Which accessory digestive organ is responsible for secretion of large amounts of bicarbonate?
Pancreas
294
Which digestive structure is found within the oral cavity proper?
Tongue
295
Dental formula for Adult cat
2x ( I 3/3, C1/1, P3/2, M1/1)
296
Dental formula for a rat
2x (I1/1, C0/0, P0/0, M3/3)
297
The food ingested by a patient moves through the tract by the action of
Peristalsis
298
What is function of the pylorus?
To regulate/move things out of the stomach into gi tract
299
Intestinal absorption of fats is dependent upon
Emulsification
300
T/F: The rat and hamster have the same number of teeth since they are rodents
TRUE
301
What is the purpose of villi and microvilli in the small intestines?
Increase surface area
Absorption
302
T/F: stomach motility is under control of the autonomic nervous system, hormones, and to some degree the contents of the stomach
TRUE
303
What is the purpose of bile?
Aid in digestion and absorption of fats by emulsification
304
T/F: arteries convert blood from the heart in every instance except going to the lungs
FALSE
305
T/F: One-way blood flow through veins is partially due to valves within the lumens
TRUE
306
Name four divisions of the vascular system
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Portal veins
307
What occurs during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle?
The heart relaxes; allows blood to flow in
308
What structure lies within the mediastinum and surrounds the heart?
Pericardium
309
T/F: when listening to the heart, the first sound is the atrioventricular valves closing
TRUE
310
List two ways that cardiac output can be changed
Change heart rate
Change stroke volume
311
Which lymphocyte produces antibodies?
B cells
312
Name the Parts of an ECG wave and what they represent in the cardiac cycle
P wave- atrial depolarization
QRS Complex- ventricle depolarization
T wave- ventricle/atrial repolarization
313
Define hematocrit
% of rbc’s
314
What is hypochromic?
Altered color of RBC’s due to changed amount of hemoglobin
315
An increase in MCV means
Red blood cells are larger than normal
316
T/F: the blood brain barrier functions to keep certain things out of the brain
TRUE
317
T/F: neutrophils are commonly increased in cases of parasites and allergies
FALSE
318
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelial?
Protection
319
The increase in length of long bones occurs at what location?
Epiphyseal plate
320
T/F: vertebral bones are classified as irregular bones
TRUE
321
What is the name of the highlighted area?
Ocular lens
322
What kind of tissue is depicted?
Nervous tissue
323
What bones are shown here
Tibia
324
What is the name of the area highlighted orange?
Cricoid cartilage
