A&P Flashcards
(218 cards)
1
Q
Which hormones are responsible for the development of pubic and axillary hair during puberty?
A
Testosterone and estrogen
2
Q
What happens to blood pH when the rate of breathing increases?
A
It becomes more alkaline
3
Q
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus?
A
Control body temperature and water balance
4
Q
How many calories per gram are provided by carbohydrates?
A
4
5
Q
What is the process called when water moves across a cell membrane from a high to low concentration?
A
Osmosis
6
Q
How does carbon dioxide affect the body’s pH?
A
It makes the body more acidic
7
Q
Which region of the body is referred to as the lower back?
A
Lumbar
8
Q
Elevated levels of which ion are most likely to lead to cardiac arrest?
A
Potassium
9
Q
Which blood vessel is responsible for draining blood from the kidneys?
A
Renal vein
10
Q
What gland is located on the front surface of the trachea?
A
Thyroid gland
11
Q
Which cells in white blood contribute to the process of phagocytosis?
A
Macrophages and neutrophils
12
Q
Which structure in the eye is responsible for detecting colors?
A
Retina
13
Q
What is the outermost and most protective layer of the skin?
A
Epidermis
14
Q
The organ of Corti is found in which part of the body?
A
Ear
15
Q
Where does the absorption of most nutrients occur in the digestive system?
A
Small intestine
16
Q
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in cells?
A
Synthesize proteins
17
Q
What type of diet supports faster tissue repair?
A
High protein diet
18
Q
How would you define chyme in the digestive system?
A
Semi-fluid mixture of partially digested food
19
Q
What are hormones in the human body?
A
Chemical messengers that regulate body processes
20
Q
Which female reproductive organ produces oocytes, estrogen, and progesterone?
A
Ovaries
21
Q
What cellular mechanism helps remove debris and mucus from tubular structures?
A
Cilia
22
Q
Which of the following is classified as a hollow organ?
A. Liver
B. Gallbladder
C. Spleen
D. Kidney
A
B. Gallbladder
(Hollow and stores bile)
23
Q
Which muscles are part of the quadriceps femoris group?
A
-Rectus femoris
-vastus lateralis
-vastus medialis
-vastus intermedius
24
Q
Which brain structure is essential for regulating normal respiratory function?
A
Medulla oblongata
25
A patient has a large tumor on the pituitary gland. Which symptoms might this cause?
-low blood pressure
-headaches
-vision problems
26
Where are B-lymphocytes produced?
Red bone marrow
27
What happens when the activity of the sympathetic nervous system increases?
Blood pressure increases and goosebumps form
28
Which term refers to the back surface of the body, including the buttocks?
Posterior
29
In which body cavity is the esophagus located?
Thoracic
30
The tympanic membrane lies between which two parts of the ear?
External auditory canal and middle ear
31
What is the average length of a menstrual cycle?
28 days
32
Where in the body are T-lymphocytes produced?
Thymus
33
The calcaneus bone is found in which part of the body?
Foot
34
What is the primary function of the urinary system in the human body?
Eliminate waste products
35
What structure produces progesterone to prepare the uterus for pregnancy?
Corpus luteum
36
What creates the unique patterns of fingerprints?
Friction ridges
37
What does the “ABCD” rule of cancer detection refer to?
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color changes
Diameter
38
In which body region would you find the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs?
Pelvic region
39
What term describes a muscle movement that increases the angle at a joint?
Extensor
40
Which hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
Oxytocin and ADH
41
What is the sequence for the organization of living organisms? (7)
1. Organelle
2. Cells
3. Tissues
4. Organs
5. Organ systems
6. Organisms
7. Ecosystems
42
What are all living organisms composed of?
Cells
43
Which bones develop first during intramembranous ossification?
Flat bones of skull, mandible, and clavicles
44
What is the most common and easily recognized type of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma
45
What does active transport in cells require?
Energy from ATP
46
What is a characteristic of passive transport?
Does not use energy
47
What does diffusion involve?
Particles traveling along a concentration gradient, high to low concentration
48
What is the process of osmosis?
Water passing through a membrane from low to high solute concentration
49
What are fibrous joints classified as?
Immovable and connected by ligaments only
50
What characterizes cartilaginous joints?
Connected by cartilage between bones
51
What is the defining feature of synovial joints?
Freely movable
52
Which processes represent asexual reproduction?
Binary fission and mitosis
53
Describe anatomic position
Standing, facing forward with the arms at the sides, feet slightly apart, and palms facing forward
54
Select the true statement:
A. The knee is inferior to the foot
B. The foot is distal to the hip
C. The fingers are lateral to the elbow
D. The ankle is superior to the hip
B. The foot is distal to the hip
55
A burned lip is an example of damaged:
Epithelial tissue
56
Which type of tissue supports the structure and frame of the body?
Connective
57
Mitosis is needed for:
Growth and repair
58
During mitosis:
Chromosome numbers decrease from 46 to 23
59
Hair is primarily comprised of:
Keratin
60
The skin provides the following functions EXCEPT:
A. Protection from pollutants and radiation
B. Temperature regulation
C. Moisture balance
D. Hormone balance
D. Hormone balance
61
Hematopoieses is a process that:
Creates blood cell production in bones
62
The skull, facial bones, vertebral columns, ribs, and sternum comprise the:
Axial skeleton
63
Fibrous bands of connective tissue that hold bones together at joints are:
Ligaments
64
What is muscle tissue’s ability to elongate known as?
Extensibility
65
Smooth muscle action
Action is involuntary
66
The walls of the heart are comprised of specialized tissues called:
Cardiac muscle
67
The central nervous system is comprised of:
The brain and spinal cord
68
Heart and respiratory rates are controlled by:
The medulla
69
The brain and spinal cord are cushioned by:
Cerebrospinal fluid
70
The endocrine system helps the body maintain homeostasis by:
Secreting hormones that move through the bloodstream to target organs
71
Which endocrine gland helps cells of the immune system mature?
Thymus
72
Which gland is located in the brain?
Pineal
73
Which type of blood cells aid antibody formation?
Leukocytes
74
Arteries transport:
Blood away from the heart to the cells of the body
75
Electrocardiograms (EKGs) show:
Electrical activity of the heart
76
Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory system?
A. Nose
B. Trachea
C. Esophagus
D. Alveoli
C. Esophagus
77
The diaphragm supports respiration by:
Contracting and expanding the thoracic cavity
78
What structures prevent debris from entering the lungs?
Cilia
79
What substance in saliva aids in breaking down food into usable nutrients?
Amylase
80
All of the following are true EXCEPT:
A. Hepatitis is a disease of the gallbladder
B. Gallstones obstruct the duct, which carries bile
C. The liver aids detoxification of the body
D. The liver secretes enzymes that break down fats into usable nutrients
A. Hepatitis is a disease of the gallbladder
81
Which structure reabsorbs water and stores and eliminates undigested food?
Large intestine
82
Urine exits the body via:
Urethra
83
Nephrons:
Filter waste material from the blood
84
How does the urinary system retain useful substances during the filtration process?
Nephrons reabsorb water, glucose, and other valuable substances
85
Luteunizing hormone (LH) does all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Stimulates testosterone production
B. Stimulates the conversion of a follicle to the corpus luteum
C. Stimulates ovulation
D. Regulates sperm production
D. Regulates sperm production
86
What is the correct sequence for an egg to be implanted?
1. Ovulation in an ovary
2. Fertilization in the fallopian tube or oviduct
3. Travel to the uterus
4. Implantation in the endometrium
87
The corpus luteum produces:
Estrogen and progesterone
88
What organelle destroys dead cell parts?
Lysosomes
89
What is a combination of epithelial and connective tissue that works together to complete a specific function?
Epithelial membrane
90
Which of the following types of glands releases an oily substance primarily through hair follicles?
A. Sudoriferous
B. Sebaceous
C. Mammary
D. Apocrine
B. Sebaceous glands
91
Of the following skull bones, which is the only bone that is capable of movement?
A. Frontal bone
B. Temporal bone
C. Sacrum
D. Mandible
D. Mandible
92
Which of the following connects the diencephalon to the spinal cord?
A. Brainstem
B. Pons
C. Midbrain
D. Thalamus
A. Brainstem
93
Where is the hormone melatonin found?
Pineal gland
94
Which of the following are hormones that act to return the body conditions to acceptable limits from opposite extremes?
A. Peptide hormones
B. Protagonistic hormones
C. Antagonistic hormones
D. Protein hormones
C. Antagonistic hormones
95
_____ carries blood away from the heart while _____ carries blood toward the heart
Arteries (away)
Veins (toward)
96
The trachea remains open like a hollow tube via ____
Cartilaginous rings
97
What best describes the term propulsion?
Movement of food along the digestive tract
98
The kidneys are surrounded by three layers of tissue. Which is the middle layer of fat tissue that provides a soft surface for the kidneys?
Adipose capsule
99
How often is urine emptied into the bladder?
10-15 seconds
100
There are three phases in the menstrual cycle. Which phase is the shedding of the endometrium when implementation does not occur?
Menstrual phase
101
what percentage of blood is plasma?
55%
102
What is the primary sex organ in females?
Ovaries
103
Which vitamin is synthesized by the skin?
Vitamin D
104
Which type of epithelial membrane lines the body cavities that are exposed to the outside of the body?
Mucous membrane
105
What is the central part of the thoracic cavity that contains the heart?
Mediastinum
106
Which type of layer is only found in thick skin?
Stratum lucidum
107
Which RNA is a single strand that provides the template used for sequencing amino acids into a polypeptide?
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
108
Where are the hormones insulin and glucagon produced?
Pancreas
109
What are the two main functions of the male and female sex organs?
Produce gametes and hormones
110
What is the gathering of chewed food into a ball in order to be swallowed called?
Bolus
111
What is the smallest unit of life?
Cell
112
Which of the following would be found in the nucleolus?
A. Cytoplasm
B. Flagella
C. Vesicles
D. Ribosomes
D. Ribosomes
113
What is the cluster of capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule?
Glomerulus
114
Which type of bones protect the organs that include vision, taste, hearing, and smell?
Cranium and facial bones
115
Along with the pelvic girdle, what else forms the pelvis?
Sacrum and coccyx
116
If an impulse is traveling from the spinal cord to skeletal and smooth muscles, what type of neuron is it?
Motor neuron
117
What is the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord called?
Meninx
118
What is the sensory cell that responds to chemical stimuli?
Chemoreceptor
119
What is the function of prolactin?
Promotes milk production
120
What section of the human spine contains 5 vertebrae?
Lumbar
121
What vein returns blood to the heart, draining the head, neck, and upper torso?
Superior vena cava
122
What enzyme begins the process of carbohydrate digestion in the mouth?
Amylase
123
What is the main function of calcitonin?
Decrease the calcium concentration in the blood
124
Which layer of the heart is the smooth, inner lining of the heart?
Endocardium
125
What is the process called when calcium and other factors trigger the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and fibrinogen to fibrin, so fibrin can bind with platelets to stop bleeding?
Hemostasis
126
Which cell types are present in the epidermis and serve as a sensory function deep in the epidermis?
Merkel cells
127
Which substance contains amylase and lysosomes to help digest food and protect the body from pathogens?
Saliva
128
What is an excess of base is the blood called?
Alkalosis
129
When a woman is pregnant, which organ produces hormones that prepare the breasts for milk production?
Placenta
130
What are the filtering units of the kidneys?
Nephrons
131
What is divided into right and left sides by the septum?
Nasal cavity
132
What do tendons connect?
Muscles to bones
133
Which neurons transmit nerve impulses to the central nervous system?
Afferent neurons
134
What is the name of the soup-like substance created in the stomach when food is mixed with stomach acid, mucus, and pepsin?
Chyme
135
What is in charge of keeping the body awake and alert?
Reticular activation system (RAS)
136
_____ are cells nearest the basement membrane that line the walls of seminiferous tubes.
Spermatogonia
137
In a fetus and infant, what are the fibrous membranes that serve as spaces between the cranial bones?
Fontanels
138
How many groups are hormones chemically classified into?
4
139
Which type of muscle cells are under voluntary control?
Skeletal muscle
140
What is the function of glucagon?
Increase blood glucose levels
141
The _____ is the muscle that receives the impulse from the motor neuron.
Effector
142
What is another name for red blood cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood?
Erythrocytes
143
What is the process called when an issue with homeostasis is corrected by the endocrine system, a signal sent, is sent back to stop the corrective process?
Negative feedback
144
Which matrix fibers are made up of thin collagen fibers and branch to form a netlike pattern?
Reticular fibers
145
What is a mutagen that causes uncontrolled cell growth?
Carcinogen
146
What is the process of modifying RNA molecules with deletions and additions?
RNA processing
147
Which layer of skin does the hair follicle originate in?
Dermis
148
What is the type of diffusion where water molecules diffuse across a semi-permeable membrane?
Osmosis
149
What type of tissue is supportive connective tissue that has open spaces and is cancellous?
Spongy tissue
150
Kidneys and the urinary system help eliminate waste called ___?
Urea
151
What is an example of positive feedback?
Childbirth
152
What is it called when a concentration of a solute is equal inside and outside of a cell?
Isotonic
153
What is the part of a neuron that is covered with myelin?
Axon
154
What type of epithelial tissue secretes hormones?
Glandular epithelium
155
The small intestine absorbs nutrients via _____.
Villi
156
Which hormone in females prepare the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy?
Estrogen
157
What are the tiny sacs inside of our lungs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and bloodstream?
Alveoli
158
What is the muscle of the skin that is responsible for producing goose bumps?
Arrector pili
159
Normal pH range for blood
7.35-7.45
160
What are some functions of the liver?
-bile is produced
-proteins are synthesized
-ammonia is converted to urea
161
Which circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to each of the lungs?
Pulmonary circulation
162
How many pairs of ribs does an adult have?
12
163
Muscles are stabilized and covered by ___?
Fascia
164
What is the exchange of gasses between the atmosphere and the blood?
External respiration
165
What is the production of eggs in females via meiosis?
Oogenesis
166
What connects the cerebrum to the brainstem?
Diencephalon
167
What is in charge of many internal body conditions such as temperature, blood pressure, and water content?
Hypothalamus
168
What has the primary function of stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?
Oxytocin
169
What is the tiny blood vessel that connects an arteriole with a venule?
Capillary
170
Which nervous system is made up of motor neurons that control smooth muscles, glands, and cardiac muscles?
Autonomic nervous system
171
What section of the human spine contains 5 vertebrae?
Lumbar
172
This enzyme begins the process of carbohydrate digestion in the mouth
Amylase
173
What vein returns blood to the heart, draining the head, neck, and upper torso?
Superior vena cava
174
A rupture in the cardiac sphincter would result in what?
Backflow of gastric juices into the esophagus
175
What is the main function of calcitonin?
Decrease calcium concentration in the blood
176
What area of the eye has the most acute vision and is comprised only of cones?
Fovea centralis
177
What muscle is responsible for the adduction of the shoulder?
Latissimus dorsi
178
The opening in the skull that is superior to the atlas is know as what?
Foramen magnum
179
Fats are broken down in the small intestine using which enzymes?
Bile and lipase
180
Electrical impulses called action potentials move along the axon of a neuron by______?
Saltatory conduction
181
What lobe of the brain is responsible for processing olfactory information?
Temporal
182
Multiple sclerosis is characterized by the degradation of what?
Myelin sheath
183
During exhalation, the diaphragm does what?
Relaxes and lifts
184
The right side of the heart is associated with which type of circulation?
Pulmonary circulation
185
What valve is responsible for preventing the backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium?
Tricuspid valve
186
What would result following an injury to the phrenic nerve?
Inability to control breathing
187
What does the phrenic nerve do?
Controls breathing and the movement of the diaphragm
188
The release of prolactin during breastfeeding is an example of what?
Positive feedback
189
What area of the brain is most affected if a person is unable to understand written or verbal speech?
Weirneckes area
190
The limbic system of the brain is responsible for the regulation of what?
Emotion
191
In order for the actin filaments to bind to the myosin head, what must occur first?
Calcium ions must bind to troponin molecules
192
What type of joint is present in the elbow?
Hinge joint
193
What type of bone would the scapula be categorized as?
Flat bone
194
What would be a direct result of lipid depletion in the body?
Decreases amount of estrogen produced
195
Which type of cellular connection is characterized by openings in adjacent animal cells for intercellular exchange to take place?
Gap junctions
196
What is the nerve tract?
Bundle of nerve fibers in the central nervous system
197
90% of the human body is composed of what four elements?
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
198
The smallest unit of an element that still retains the chemical and physical properties of the element is called what?
Atom
199
Subatomic particles are:
-Protons (positive)
-neutrons (neutral)
-electrons (negative)
200
All matter is composed of basic substances called what?
Elements
201
The number of protons and neutrons is called what?
Mass number
202
What is a molecule?
Atoms bonded together to form a chemical unit
203
What is a compound?
Combination of different atoms
204
What is pH?
A measure of hydrogen ion concentration
205
What does superficial mean?
A body part that is located near the surface
206
What does deep mean?
Body part located away from the surface
207
A sagittal plane cuts the body…
Right down the middle
208
A group of two or more types of tissues is what?
An organ
209
Structures found within a cell that perform specific functions are what?
Organelles
210
The plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
Frontal (coronal) plane
211
The serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity is called what?
Visceral pleura
212
You are looking at epithelial tissue under a microscope and it is tall and thick and functions to protecting underlying tissue. What are you looking at?
Columnar epithelial tissue
213
Which of the following is NOT a lobe of the cerebrum?
A. Parietal
B. Occipital
C. Superior
D. Temporal
C. Superior
214
Which hormone is responsible for “fight or flight”?
Epinephrine/norepinephrine
215
This region refers to main axis of the body - head, neck, and trunk
Axial
216
The process of exhalation gives out air containing what?
Carbon dioxide
217
When a doctor tells you to inhale as much as possible and then exhale as much as possible into a spirometer, what is it called?
Vital capacity
218
Where are the hormones insulin and glucagon produced?
Pancreas
