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From Flashcardlet > A&P 2 Blood chapter > Flashcards

A&P 2 Blood chapter Flashcards

0
Q

Amoeboid Motion:

A

A crawling-like type of movement in which the cell forms temporary cytoplasmic projections called pseudopodia (false feet) towards the front of the cell.

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1
Q

Diapedesis:

A

passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue

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2
Q

what are the Three types of Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophil, Eosinophil and Basophil

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3
Q

Neutrophils:

A

has a Neutral PH Makes up 50-70% of all Leukocytes. It destroys foreign pathogens. Has a 4-5 day life with light pink-purple granules.

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4
Q

Eosinophil:

A

reveals acidic environments and kills worms Matures in bone marrow and resides in the skin and bronchi.

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5
Q

Basophil:

A

Base-loving, Release histamine in response to inflammation.

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6
Q

Lymphacyte:

A

make up 25%, of WBC, blood supply spleen, lymph nodes. they include T-cells which inter peripheral tissues and attack foreign cells directly and B-cells which Produce antibodies. Natural Killers which destroy abnormal tissue cells.

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7
Q

what are the 4 subsets of T-cells?

A

Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T-cells, Suppressor T Cells and memory T-cells.

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8
Q

Memory B cells:

A

these cells are generated since they can produce antibodies faster the next time that particular antigen is introduced into the body.

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9
Q

How is blood type determined?

A

by the presence of absence of specific antigens called agglutinogens on the plasma membrane of red blood cells and specific antibodies called agglutinins in the plasma.

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10
Q

Monocyte:

A

the largest of the Leukocytes, Matures into a macrophage a large mobile phagocyte that ingest and kills harmful viruses and chronic infections.

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11
Q

Erythropoietin:

A

glycoprotein that is secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells

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12
Q

Erythrocytes:

A

Function is the transport of oxygen from the lungs and carbon dioxide from body cells. life span is 80-120 days. Hemoglobin, anucleate, 5 million micro litters.

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13
Q

Hemoglobin:

A

the protein responsible for oxygen transportation. most accurate way of measuring oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

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14
Q

Platelets:

A

Limited cellular structure. life span of 10 days, Endothelial factors keep inactive. they are important in hemostasis.

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15
Q

Leukocytes:

A

Essential component of the body’s defense mechanisms and are responsible for protecting against microorganisms and toxins. There are two types-Granulocytes and agranulocytes.

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16
Q

Granulocytes:

A

Leukocytes that are characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm.

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17
Q

Agranulocytes:

A

Leukocytes that are characterized by no visible cytoplasmic granules in the cytoplasm. most abundant in the lymphoid tissues.

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18
Q

Plasma Layer:

A

Top layers of “spin-down”. 55% percent of the volume.

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19
Q

Buffy Coat layer:

A

second layer of spin-downed blood. makes up 1-2 % of the blood volume. has Leukocytes, Platelets and fats.

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20
Q

RBC

A

makes up the final layer of the spin-down. makes up 45% of the volume.

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21
Q

Blood Plasma:

A

is a connective tissue, made of 90% H2O,

8% Plasma Proteins, Dissolved gases, ions, hormones, nutrients and waste

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22
Q

Plasma Proteins:

A

antibodies and blood-clotting proteins, that act by holding fluid in blood vessels by osmosis. including albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, and the gamma globulins.

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23
Q

Albumins:

A

These are the smallest and most abundant of the plasma proteins and have, therefore, the greatest effect on plasma osmotic pressure. Being so abundant, they also affect blood viscosity. Other functions include transport of bound solutes and buffering effects. Alteration of plasma albumin amounts can adversely affect blood pressure, blood volume, pH and many other physiologic functions. this are made by the liver.

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24
Q

Fibrinogen:

A

A blood protein that is converted to fibrin during blood clotting

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25
Q

Platelets:

A

are called zombie cells.

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26
Q

Hemoglobin:

A

made up of four subunits of globin with Heme in the middle.

27
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin:

A

release of oxygen from the cell

28
Q

Oxyhemoglobin:

A

the bright red hemoglobin that is a combination of hemoglobin and oxygen from the lungs

29
Q

Blood Plasma:

A

90% H20, 8% plasm proteins it dissolved gases ions, hormones nutrients and waste.

30
Q

3 types of Plasma Proteins?

A

Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogens

31
Q

Formed Elements:

A

are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and blood platelets

32
Q

spectrin:

A

cytoskeletal protein that lines the intracellular side of the plasma membrane of many cell types in pentagonal or hexagonal arrangements, forming a scaffolding and playing an important role in maintenance of plasma membrane integrity.

33
Q

Erthyroblast:

A

an immature erythrocyte containing a nucleus.

34
Q

Normablast:

A

an immature red blood cell containing hemoglobin and a pyknotic nucleus and normally present in bone marrow.

35
Q

Reticulocytes:

A

an immature red blood cell without a nucleus, having a granular or reticulated appearance when suitably stained.

36
Q

death of red blood cells:

A

life is 100-120 days, they are engulfed by macrophages the hemoglobin is broken down.

37
Q

Bilirubin:

A

orange-yellow pigment in bile. It is formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die.

38
Q

Jaundice:

A

yellow color of the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes. The yellow coloring comes from bilirubin, a byproduct of old red blood cells. Occurs most commonly in newborns or adults with liver disease.

39
Q

step 1 of Control red blood cell count?

A

Hypoxia due to decreased amount of hemoglobin/oxygen levels.

40
Q

step 2 of Control red blood cell count?

A

kidney (and liver) releases erythropoietin.

41
Q

step 3 of Control red blood cell count?

A

Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow.

42
Q

step 4 of control red blood cell count?

A

Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count.

43
Q

step 5 of control red blood cell count?

A

the increase of oxygen creates homeostasis bring about normal levels.

44
Q

Hypoxia:

A

Low Oxygen in the tissues

45
Q

Anemias:

A

Reduction in total number of circulating erythrocytes or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobi

46
Q

Aplastic Anemia:

A

condition in which the bone marrow does not make enough new blood cells. Bone marrow is the soft, fatty tissue in the center of bones.

47
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia:

A

inadequate intake of iron-containing foods

48
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia:

A

results from a change in just one of the 146 amino acids in a beta chain. The blood cells alters its shape into a sickle when under low-oxygen conditions.

49
Q

Megakaryocytes:

A

large cytoplasmic extensionswhich go through mitosis with out cytokinesis. which constrict at various points and divide into fragment forming platelets.

50
Q

Vascular spasms stage of Hemostasis:

A

smooth muscle contracts causing vasoconstriction.

51
Q

Platelet Plug Formation of Hemostasis:

A

Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers. damage to the endothelial cells attract Platelets which adhere and releasing chemicals that make near by platelets sticky.

52
Q

Von willebrand Proteins:

A

stabilize bound platelets by forming a bridge between collagen and platelets

53
Q

Coagulation stage of Hemostasis:

A

Fibers form a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets forming the clot.

54
Q

Procoagulants:

A

Clotting factors that are made in the liver; are intermediates in the pathway that leads to clotting

55
Q

Anticoagulants:

A

prevent clotting.

56
Q

Intrinsic pathway:

A

the factor needed for clotting are present within the blood. slower since it has manny intermediate steps, by negative charged surfaces such as activated platelets collage. activate platelets and factor X

57
Q

Extrinsic Pathways:

A

the tissue factor is requires is outside of the blood. Faster because it bypasses several steps of intrinsic pathways.
Triggered by exposing blood to factor found in tissues underneath the damaged endothelium.
activate platelets and Factor X.

58
Q

Prothrombin:

A

plasma protein that is converted to thrombin in the clotting process

59
Q

what is Prothrombin activator and what does it do?

A

Factor X, Factor V and Platelet factor 3 come together. which activates Prothrombin. Prothrombin then creates Thrombin which creates fibrin.

60
Q

Thrombin:

A

an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood turing it into Fibrin causing it to clot.

61
Q

Fibrin:

A

A stringy, “insoluble protein” that is the final product of the blood clotting process.

62
Q

how do platelets Aid in Repair of Hemostasis ?

A

the Actin and myosin inside the platelets pull on surrounding fibrin strands on the open cut squeezing and compacting the cut bringing the ruptured edges closely together. they trigger cell division by P.D.G.F (platelet Derived Growth Factor)

63
Q

Platelet Derived Growth Factor: (P.D.G.F)

A

released by platelets stimulates smooth muscles cells, Endothelial cells, and smoothie muscle cells to divide and rebuild.

64
Q

Blood

A

Liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix (blood plasma). It suspends various cells & fragments.

65
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Bathes body cells. Is constantly renewed by blood. The ‘internal environment’.

66
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transportation, regulation, protection.

From Flashcardlet (10 decks)

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