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From Flashcardlet > A&P 2-test 1 > Flashcards

A&P 2-test 1 Flashcards

0
Q

name 3 types of tonsils

A

Pharyngeal
Palantine
Lingual

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1
Q

List 5 organs/structures associated with lymphatic/immune system

A 
Spleen
Lymph glands
Tonsils
Thymus
Red bone marrow
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2
Q

SP fx 1

A

Blood reservior

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3
Q

SP fx 2

A

Hematopoietic center infetus

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4
Q

SP fx 3

A

Disposal center for RBC’s

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5
Q

SP fx 4

A

A place where antigens can be detected

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6
Q

FX 1 of lymphatic system

A

Network of organs and veinlike vessels that recover fluid

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7
Q

FX 2 of lymphatic system

A

Inspect it for diease agents

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8
Q

FX 3 of lymphatic system

A

Activate immune response

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9
Q

FX 4 of lymphatic system

A

Return fluid to blood stream

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10
Q

Where lymph system interfaces and integrates with blood

A

Subclavian veins

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11
Q

Define Lymph

A
  • the recovered fluid

- clear colorless fluid

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12
Q

Define Lymphatic vessels

A

transport lymph

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13
Q

Define lymphatic tissues

A

composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs in the body

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14
Q

Define lymphatic organs

A
  • defense cells are especially concentrated in these organs

- separated from surrounding organs by connective tissue capsules

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15
Q

3 layers of lymphatic vessesl

A
  • Tunica interna
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa
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16
Q

RT lymphatic duct

A

collects lymph from rt arm, rt side of head and thorax- empties into rt subclavian vein

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17
Q

thoracic duct

A

begins as a sac called cisterna chyli- receives lymph from below diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck and thorax-empties into left subclavian vein

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18
Q

lymphatic cells

A
  • Natural killer cells
  • T lymphocytes
  • B lymphocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • Reticular cells
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19
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • Reticular cells
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20
Q

Natural killer cells(NK)

A

large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, host cells infected with viruses or have turned cancerous; responsible for immune surveillance

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21
Q

T lymphocytes

A

mature in thymus

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22
Q

B lymphocytes

A

activation causes proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies

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23
Q

Macrophages

A
  • very large phagocytic cells of connective tissue
  • develop from monocytes
  • phagocytize tissue debris, dead neutrophils, bacteria, and other foreign matter
  • process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments to certain t cells alerting the immune system to the presence of the enemy
  • Antigen presenting cells
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24
Q

dendritic cells

A
  • branched mobile APC’s found in the epidermis, mucous membranes and lymphatic organs
  • alert immune system to pathogens that have breached their surface
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25
Q

Reticular cells

A
  • branched stationary cells that contribute to the stroma of a lymphatic organ
  • act as APC’s in the thymus
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26
Q

types of lymphatic tissue

A
  • diffuse lymphatic tissue

- lymphatic nodules

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27
Q

diffuse lymphatic tissue

A

lymphocytes are scattered; prevalent in body passages open to the exterior; mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue(MALT)

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28
Q

lymphatic nodules

A

-dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens; called peyer patches in ileum.

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29
Q

primary lymph organs

A
  • red bone marrow

- thymus

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30
Q

fx of primary lymphatic organs

A

site where t and b cells become immunocompetant

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31
Q

secondary lymphatic organs

A
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • spleen
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32
Q

fx of secondary lymphatic organs

A

immunocompetant cells populate these tissues

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33
Q

MALT

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue-lines mucosa

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34
Q

GALT

A

gastric associated lymphoid tissue-lines gut

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35
Q

first line of defense against pathogens

A

external barriers, skin and mucous membranes

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36
Q

second line of defense against pathogens

A

several non-specific defense mechanisms-effective against a broad range of pathogens-does not depend upon prior exposure

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37
Q

ex of non-specific defense mechanisms

A
  • Hyaluranic acid
  • keratinized stratefied squamous epithelium
  • monocytes
  • complement
  • interferon
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38
Q

third line of defense against pathogens

A

the immune system-results from prior exposure

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39
Q

ex of specific defense mechanisms

A
  • b cells

- antibodies

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40
Q

acid mantle

A

thin film of lactic acid from sweat which inhibits bacterial growth

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41
Q

5 types of leukocytes in order of concentration

A
  • neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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42
Q

mechanisms by which complement works

A
  • enhanced inflammation
  • phagocytosis by opsonization
  • cytolysis
  • immune clearance
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43
Q

mechanism by which interferons work

A
  • alert neighboring cells
  • bind to surface receptors on neighboring cells
  • activates NK cells and macrophages
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44
Q

define chemotaxis

A

process by which neutrophils are attracted to areas of inflammation

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45
Q

Role of basophils

A

secrete histamine, heparin, leukotrienes and kinins

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46
Q

Role of eosinophils

A

attack parasites and toxic proteins and allergic responses

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47
Q

Role of fibroblasts

A

rebuild damaged tissue by secreting collagen, ground substance and other tissue components

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48
Q

role of helper t cells

A

secrete chemotactic factors and colony-stimulating factors

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49
Q

role of neutrophils

A

phagocytosis and digestion; wander in connective tissue killing bacteria; secrete cytokines to activate more leukocytes

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50
Q

define margination

A

the adhesion to the vessel wall of leukocytes

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51
Q

define diapedesis

A

leukocytes crawling thru gaps in the vessel walls and emigrating to the nearby tissue

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52
Q

define cellular immunity

A

employs lymphocytes to directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells

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53
Q

define humeral immunity

A

employs anti-bodies which tag a pathogen for destruction

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54
Q

define t cells

A

participate in cellular immunity where t cells directly attack and destroy diseased or foreign cells

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55
Q

define b cells

A

function as an antigen presenting cell and morph inot plasma cell which create antibodies

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56
Q

fx 1 of fever

A

promotes interferon activity

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57
Q

fx 2 of fever

A

elevates metabolic rate and accelerates tissue repair

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58
Q

fx 3 of fever

A

inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses

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59
Q

define antipyretic

A

fever reducing

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60
Q

define plasma cells

A

create antibodies

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61
Q

Define opsonization

A

attachment of c3b to bacteria to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis

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62
Q

ave adult blood volume

A

5 L

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63
Q

fx of erythropoietin

A

prompts erythropoiesis

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64
Q

Most numerous WBC

A

neutrophil

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65
Q

normal blood ph

A

7.35-7.45

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66
Q

define Reye syndrome

A

serious disorder in children under 15 following an acute viral infection such as chicken pox or influenza; can be triggered by the use of aspirin

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67
Q

Role of erythrocytes

A

transport of respiratory gases

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68
Q

Role of lymphocytes

A

involved in immune response and antibody protection

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69
Q

Role of platlets

A

blood clotting

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70
Q

Define Pernicious anemia

A

inadequate Vit B12. Often found in vegetarians/vegans. Poor nutrition or lack of intrinsic factor

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71
Q

Define Iron-deficiency anemia

A

not enough iron in blood- could be not able to bind, or not being absorbed etc

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72
Q

Define Hemorrhagic anemia

A

excessive bleeding(internal or external)

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73
Q

Define Aplastic anemia

A

complete cessation of erythropoeisis

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74
Q

Define Hemolytic anemia

A

RBC’s destroyed leading to a low count

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75
Q

Define Sickle-cell anemia

A

double recessive genetic disease where the hemoglobin molecule is modified. The modified hemoglobin misfolds and changes the shape of the RBC which limits its ability to bind O2

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76
Q

6 elements that make up 98.5% of body weight

A
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon
  • Nitrogen
  • Hydrogen
  • Calcium
  • Phosphorus
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77
Q

Define ion

A

a particle which has lost or gained a valence electron

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78
Q

Four Primary Tissue types

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Nervous
  • Muscular
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79
Q

Describe Epithelial tissue

A

tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, form glands and serve for protection, secretion and absorption

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80
Q

Location of epithelial tissue

A
  • epidermis
  • inner lining of digestive tract
  • liver and other glands
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81
Q

Describe connective tissue

A

tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume, often specialized to support, bind and protect organs

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82
Q

Location of connective tissue

A
  • Tendons and ligaments
  • cartilage and bone
  • blood
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83
Q

Describe nervous tissue

A

tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells

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84
Q

Location of nervous tissue

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
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85
Q

Describe muscular tissue

A

tissue comprised of elongated excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction

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86
Q

Location of muscular tissue

A
  • skeletal muscles
  • heart
  • walls of viscera
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87
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A
  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
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88
Q

Define organ

A

structure with discreet boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types

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89
Q

Define tissue

A

a group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the same region of the embryo and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological function in an organ

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90
Q

Components of matrix

A
  • fibrous proteins(collagen for ex)

- ground substance

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91
Q

Three primary germ layers

A
  • ectoderm
  • endoderm
  • mesoderm
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92
Q

Role of ectoderm

A

gives rise to epidermis and nervous system

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93
Q

Role of endoderm

A

gives rise to mucous membrane lining, digestive and respiratory tracts, digestive glands and more

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94
Q

Role of mesoderm

A

becomes mesenchyme which becomes muscle bone and blood

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95
Q

Define Basement membrane

A

layer between epithelium and underlying connective tissue

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96
Q

Define Basal surface

A

surface of epithelial cell which faces the basement membrane

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97
Q

Define apical surface

A

surface of epithelial cell which faces away from basement membrane

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98
Q

Define Simple Epithelium

A
  • one cell layer
  • named by shape of cells
  • all cells touch basement membrane
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99
Q

Define stratified epithelium

A
  • multiple cell layers
  • named by shape of apical cells
  • some cells do not touch basement membrane
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100
Q

Type of simple epithelium

A
  • Simple squamous
  • simple cuboidal
  • simple columnar
  • pseudostratefied columnar
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101
Q

Location of simple squamous epithelium

A
  • alveoli
  • glomeruli
  • endothelium
  • serosa
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102
Q

Role of simple squamous epithelium

A

rapid diffusion or transport of substances; secretes serous fluid

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103
Q

Location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • Liver-
  • thyroid
  • mammary and salivary glands
  • bronchioles
  • kidney tubules
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104
Q

Role of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

absorption and secretion, mucous production and movement

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105
Q

Location of simple columnar epithelium

A

-lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney and uterine tubes

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106
Q

Role of simple columnar epithelium

A

absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus

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107
Q

Location of pseudostratified epithelium

A
  • respiratory tract

- portion of male urethra

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108
Q

Role of pseudostratified epithelium

A

secretes and propels mucus

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109
Q

Types of stratified epithelium

A
  • stratified squamous
  • stratified cuboidal
  • stratified columnar
  • transitional epithelium
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110
Q

Kinds of stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • keratinized

- nonkeratinized

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111
Q

define keratinized

A

found on skin surface;abrasion resistant

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112
Q

define non-keratinized

A

lacks surface layer of dead skin

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113
Q

location of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • epidermis

- palms and soles of feet

114
Q

Role of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

resists abrasion; retards water loss; resists penetration of pathogenic organisms

115
Q

location of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • tongue
  • oral mucosa
  • esophogus
  • vagina
116
Q

Role of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens

117
Q

Location of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A
  • sweat glands
  • ovarian follicles
  • seminiferous tubes
118
Q

Role of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

secretes sweat, sperm, and ovarian hormones

119
Q

location of transitional epithelium

A
  • ureter

- bladder

120
Q

role of transitional epithelium

A

stretchy to allow for filling of urinary tract

121
Q

fx 1 of connective tissue

A

binding of organs-tendons and ligaments

122
Q

fx 2 of connective tissue

A

support-bones and cartilage

123
Q

fx 3 of connective tissue

A

physical protection-cranium, ribs, sternum

124
Q

fx 4 of connective tissue

A

immune protection-WBC’s

125
Q

fx 5 of connective tissue

A

movement-bones provide lever system

126
Q

fx 6 of connective tissue

A

storage-fat, calcium, phosphorus

127
Q

fx 7 of connective tissue

A

heat production-metabolism of brown fat in infants

128
Q

fx 8 of connective tissue

A

transport-blood

129
Q

types of connective tissue

A
  • fibrous
  • adipose
  • supportive
  • fluid
130
Q

types of fibers

A
  • collagenous
  • reticular
  • elastic
131
Q

Describe collagenous fibers

A

resist stretching-found in tendons and ligaments

132
Q

Describe reticular fibers

A

collagen coated with glycoprotein-form framework around organs such as spleen

133
Q

Describe elastic fibers

A

made of elastin; allows stretch and recoil

134
Q

components of fibrous connective tissue

A
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
  • WBC’s
  • plasma cells
  • mast cells
  • adipocytes
135
Q

components of ground substance

A
  • glycosaminoglycan(GAG)
  • proteoglycan
  • adhesive glycoproteins
136
Q

examples of glycosaminoglycans

A
  • chondroitin
  • hyaluranic acid
  • heparin
137
Q

types of fibrous connective tissue

A
  • loose

- dense

138
Q

types of loose fibrous connective tissue

A
  • areolar
  • reticular
  • adipose
139
Q

types of dense fibrous connective tissue

A
  • dense regular

- dense irregular

140
Q

location of areolar connective tissue

A

underlies all epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels

141
Q

location of reticular connective tissue

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • thymus
  • bone marrow
142
Q

location of dense regular connective tissue

A

tendons and ligaments

143
Q

location of dense irregular connective tissue

A

deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs

144
Q

types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic
145
Q

location of hyaline cartilage

A

-articular
-costal
trachea
-larynx
-fetal skelton

146
Q

location of elastic cartilage

A

external ear and epiglottis

147
Q

location of fibrocartilage

A

pubic symphasis, menisci, intervertebral discs

148
Q

two forms of bone tissue

A
  • spongy

- compact

149
Q

parts of blood

A

plasma and formed elements

150
Q

what are formed elements

A

cells in blood

151
Q

define intercalated discs

A

join cardiocytes and have gaps in them to allow CA to travel between them

152
Q

types of cell junctions

A
  • tight
  • desmosomes
  • hemidesmosomes
  • gap
153
Q

define exocrine glands

A

have ducts which convey secretion to surface

154
Q

define endocrine glands

A

have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into blood

155
Q

organs that are both endocrine and exocrine

A
  • liver
  • gonads
  • pancreas
156
Q

type of glands

A
  • serous
  • mucous
  • mixed
  • cytogenic
157
Q

define serous glands

A

-produce thin watery secretions

158
Q

define mucous glands

A

produce a sticky secretion called mucus

159
Q

define mixed glands

A

secrete both types of secretions

160
Q

define cytogenic glands

A

release whole cells(Sperm, egg)

161
Q

types of membranes

A
  • serous
  • mucous
  • synovial
162
Q

define serous membranes

A

internal membrane; covers organs and lines walls of body cavities

163
Q

define mucous membranes

A

external membrane;digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive

164
Q

define synovial membranes

A

lines joint cavities

165
Q

two ways damaged tissue can repair

A
  • regeneration

- fibrosis

166
Q

define regeneration

A

replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before

167
Q

define fibrosis

A

replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue

168
Q

step 1 of tissue repair

A

blood floods area; mast cells release histamine

169
Q

step 2 of tissue repair

A

plasma carries antibodies, clotting proteins and blood cells

170
Q

step 3 of tissue repair

A

clot forms creating a scab to seal wound and block infection

171
Q

step 4 of tissue repair

A

macrophages phagocytize and digest tissue debris

172
Q

step 5 of tissue repair

A

new blood vessels and if necessary fibroblasts lay down granulation tissue

173
Q

step 6 of tissue repair

A

epithelium regenerates and connective tissue undergoes fibrosis

174
Q

step 7 of tissue repair

A

remodeling

175
Q

define molecule

A

composed of two or more atoms

176
Q

define compound

A

composed of two or more differing atoms

177
Q

define isotope

A

varieties of an element that differ from each other only in the number of neutrons and therefore in atomic mass

178
Q

define anion

A

atom that gains electrons (-)

179
Q

define cation

A

atom that loses electrons (+)

180
Q

define electrolyte

A

salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting an electric current

181
Q

define free radical

A

chemical particles with an odd number of electrons

182
Q

define antioxidants

A

neutralize free radicals-in body superoxide dismutase(SOD) converts superoxides to water and O2; in diet(vit E and C..)

183
Q

define isomers

A

molecules with same molecular formula but different physical arrangement

184
Q

types of chemical bonds

A
  • ionic bonds
  • covalent bonds
  • hydrogen bonds
  • van der waals forces
185
Q

define ionic bond

A

weak attraction between anion and cation; easily disrupted by water(NaCl)

186
Q

define covalent bond

A

sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between nuclei-strongest

187
Q

define hydrogen bond

A

weak attraction between polarized molecules or polarized regions of same molecule

188
Q

define van der waals force

A

weak brief attraction due to random disturbances in the electron clouds of adjacent atoms-weakest

189
Q

define hydrophilic

A

substances that dissolve in water-must be polarized

190
Q

define hydrophobic

A

substances that do not dissolve in water-nonpolar(fats)

191
Q

define adhesion

A

tendency of one substance to cling to another

192
Q

define cohesion

A

tendency of like molecules to cling to each other

193
Q

define solution

A

consists of particles of matter (solute) mixed with a more abundant substance(usually water-solvent). particles under 1nm

194
Q

define colloid

A

particles 1-100 nm; scatter light; remain mixed when stands

195
Q

define suspension

A

particles larger than 100 nm; cloudy; separates on standing

196
Q

define emulsion

A

suspension of one liquid in another(fat in milk); separates upon standing

197
Q

define acid

A

proton donor(releases H+ ions in water)

198
Q

define base

A

proton acceptor(accepts H+ ions)-releases OH- ions in water

199
Q

define energy

A

capacity to do work

200
Q

define potential energy

A

energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state

201
Q

define kinetic energy

A

energy of motion; energy that is actively doing work

202
Q

classes of chemical reactions

A
  • decomposition reaction
  • synthesis reaction
  • exchange reaction
203
Q

define decomposition reaction

A

breaks up a larger molecule to 2 or more smaller ones

204
Q

define synthesis reaction

A

2 or more small molecules combine to form a larger one

205
Q

define exchange reaction

A

2 molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms

206
Q

reaction rates affected by

A
  • concentration
  • temperature
  • catalysts
207
Q

define metabolism

A

all chemical reactions in body

208
Q

define catabolism

A

energy releasing decomposition reactions

209
Q

define anabolism

A

energy storing synthesis reactions

210
Q

four categories of carbon compounds

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleotides and nucleic acids
211
Q

define macromolecules

A

very large organic molecules

212
Q

define polymers

A

molecules made of a repetitive series of identical/similar subunits

213
Q

define monomers

A

identical or similar subunits

214
Q

define polymerization

A

joining monomers to create polymers

215
Q

define dehydration synthesis

A

a water molecule is removed from two monomers to create a polymer and water

216
Q

define hydrolysis

A

a water molecule is added to a polymer to break it up

217
Q

name three monosaccharides

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
218
Q

name three disaccharides

A
  • sucrose/dextrose
  • lactose
  • maltose
219
Q

define oligosaccharides

A

short chains of 3 or more monosaccharides

220
Q

define polysaccharides

A

long chains(50+) of monosaccharides

221
Q

name 3 polysaccharides

A
  • glycogen
  • starch
  • cellulose
222
Q

define glycogen

A

energy storage in animals

223
Q

define starch

A

energy storage of plants

224
Q

define cellulose

A

structural molecule of plant cell walls

225
Q

define essential fatty acids

A

lipids obtained from diet-body cannot synthesize

226
Q

define amphiphilic

A

fatty acid tails are hydrophobic and phosphate head is hydrophilie

227
Q

fx of bile acids

A

steroids that aid in fat digestion and nutrient absorption

228
Q

fx of cholesterol

A

precursor of other steroids

229
Q

fx of eicosanoids

A

chemical messengers between cells

230
Q

fx of fat soluble vitamins

A

(A, D, E & K) -involved in a variety of functions including blood clotting, wound healing, vision, and calcium absorption

231
Q

fx of fatty acids

A

source of energy; precursor of triglycerides

232
Q

fx of phospholipids

A

major component of cell membranes; aid in fat digestion

233
Q

fx of steroid hormones

A

chemical messengers btn cells

234
Q

fx of triglycerides

A

energy storage, thermal insulation, cushioning organs

235
Q

define protein

A

a polymer of amino acids

236
Q

define peptide

A

any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by a peptide bond

237
Q

define primary structure

A

protein’s sequence amino acid which is encoded in the genes

238
Q

define secondary structure

A

coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds

239
Q

define tertiary structure

A

further bending and folding of proteins into globular and fibrous shapes

240
Q

define quaternary structure

A

associations of two or more separate polypeptide chains

241
Q

fxs of proteins

A
  • structure
  • communication
  • membrane transport
  • catalysis
  • recognition and protection
  • movement
  • cell adhesion
242
Q

define enzyme

A

proteins that function as biological catalysts

243
Q

define substrate

A

substance an enzyme acts upon

244
Q

factors that effect enzyme shape

A
  • ph

- temp

245
Q

define cofactor

A

inorganic factors to activate enzyme binding site

246
Q

location of conjugated carbohydrates in body

A
  • joint capsule

- cell membrane

247
Q

what is in cytoplasm

A
  • organelles
  • water
  • inclusions
  • cytoskeleton
248
Q

name plasma proteins

A
  • receptors
  • enzymes
  • ion channels
  • cell ID markers
  • second messenger systems
  • cell adhesion molecules
249
Q

define diffusion

A

water and solutes passing passively thru a membrane- needs a concentration differential

250
Q

define osmosis

A

diffusion of water

251
Q

define facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion uses a carrier protein to move a solute across a membrane

252
Q

define solute pump

A

active process to move solutes typically against concentration gradient

253
Q

define exocytosis/endocytosis

A

active process using vesicles to move solutes thru membrane

254
Q

define hypotonic

A

a solution with a lower concentration solute than intracellularly

255
Q

define hypertonic

A

a solution with a higher concentration solute than intracellularly

256
Q

define isotonic

A

a solution with the same concentration solute as intracellularly

257
Q

fx of rough ER

A

makes all proteins secreted from cell; it also makes proteins and phospholipids destined for plasma membrane

258
Q

fx of ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

259
Q

fx of nucleus

A

control center for cell where DNA is found

260
Q

fx of cilia

A

move in unison, creating a water current which moves substances across the cell surface

261
Q

fx of mitochondria

A

site of ATP production; often called the powerhouse of the cell

262
Q

fx of Golgi apparatus

A

modifies and then packages substances into vesicles for transport to their final destination; often called the warehouse of the cell

263
Q

fx of lysosomes

A

site of intracellular digestion; often called suicide packages

264
Q

fx of smooth ER

A

site of lipid and steroid synthesis; lipid metabolism; drug detoxification

265
Q

fx of peroxisomes

A

detoxification, especially of toxic hydrogen peroxide

266
Q

fx of microfilaments

A

related to muscle contraction and intracellular movement; part of cytoskeleton

267
Q

fx of nuclear envelope

A

regulates passage of substances between cytoplasm and nucleus

268
Q

fx of intermediate filaments

A

stable cytoskeleton elements which resist mechanical forces

269
Q

fx of flagella

A

cell membrane structure which propels sperm

270
Q

fx 1 of Na/K pump

A

secondary active transport

271
Q

fx 2 of Na/K pump

A

regulation of cell volume

272
Q

fx 3 of Na/K pump

A

maintenance of cell membrane potential

273
Q

fx 4 of Na/K pump

A

heat production

274
Q

factors controlling diffusion rate

A
  • temp
  • molecular weight
  • steepness of concentration gradient
  • membrane surface area
  • membrane permeability
275
Q

fx of centrioles

A

play a role in cell division

276
Q

Define neutralization

A

antibodies mask pathogenic region of antigen

277
Q

Define complement fixation

A

antigen binds to IgM or IgG, antibody changes shape, initiates complement binding which leads to inflammation, phagocytosis, immune clearance or cytolysis

278
Q

which is the primary attack defense against foreign cells, bacteria and mismatched RBC’s

A

Complement fixation

279
Q

Define agglutination

A

antibody has 2 to 10 binding sites; binds to multiple enemy cells immobilizing them from spreading

280
Q

define precipitation

A

antibody binds antigen molecules(not cells); creates antigen-antibody complex that precipitates and is phagocytized by eosinophils

281
Q

Define hemostasis

A

cessation of bleeding

282
Q

Name 3 hemostatic mechanisms

A
  • Vascular spasm
  • platelet plug formation
  • blood clotting(coagulation)

From Flashcardlet (10 decks)

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