A&P

Question 0

What is obligated nasal breathing

Answer 0

Have to breath through nose.

Question 1

What type of breathing do equine preform?

Answer 1

Obligated nasal breathing.

Question 2

The conchae bone in the nasal cavity is divided into what three parts?

Answer 2

• dorsal meatus
• middle meatus
• ventral meatus

Question 3

What meatus is most important? Why?

Answer 3

Ventral meatus

It is the widest and used to pass nasogastric tubes

Question 4

Paranasal sinuses

Answer 4

Pair of air-filled structures within the bones of the skull

Question 5

What sinuses are most important to the Paranasal sinuses?

Answer 5

• rostral maxillary sinus
• caudal maxillary sinus
• frontal sinus

Question 6

What is the location of the maxillary sinuses?

Answer 6

• rostral is located dorsal to the pm4 and m1

- caudal is located dorsal to the m2 and m3

Question 7

What are the guttural pouches?

Answer 7

A pair of air filled sacks off the Eustachian tubes

Question 8

What is the most important structure in the larynx? Why?

Answer 8

-arytenoid

Regulates the airflow into the trachea by changing the diameter of the rima glottis (the hole…)

Question 9

What’s odd about the lungs?

Answer 9

They are not divided completely into distinct lobes

Question 10

The hours lips are…?

Answer 10

Muscular and prehensile (they allow grasping while grazing)

Question 11

What teeth are generally only found in the male horse?

Answer 11

Canine

Question 12

Teeth are hypsodont, what does this mean?

Answer 12

They are slowly constantly erupting as the horse ages to replace worn down crowns

Question 13

Deciduous teeth formula

Answer 13

2(dI 3|3 dC 0|0 dP 3|3)

No M

Question 14

What are deciduous teeth on a horse called?

Answer 14

Caps

Question 15

Permanent teeth formula

Answer 15

2(I3|3 C1|1 P3-4|3 M3|3)

Question 16

Premolar 1 (PM1) are also called?

Answer 16

Wolf teeth and are more common on the maxillary aspect

Question 17

Galcayne’s groove, WTF is this?

Answer 17

A longitude groove on the upper I3 that emerges from the gum line at 10years old, 1/2 down the tooth at 15years, and extends the entire length of the tooth at 20years

Question 18

At what point in the small intestine does most of digestion and absorption occur?

Answer 18

The first half

Question 19

What differs the horse cecum from other mammal?

Answer 19

It’s very large, nearly 30L compasitiy

Question 20

During microbial digestion in the large (ascending) colon, what is created?

Answer 20

Volatile fatty acids that are absorbed and used as nutrients for the animal and the digestive microbes

Question 21

How is the ventral colon easily identified?

Answer 21

Note the sacculations of the bowels. (Bumpy)

Question 22

What is a common site, within the colon, for feed impactions?

Answer 22

The pelvic flexure (it narrows and turns in on its self)

Question 23

Do horses have a gal bladder?

Answer 23

Nope

Question 24

What differs the left kidney from the right kidney?

Answer 24

The left kidney is a stander bean shap, the right, however is shaped like a "heart"

Question 25

Horses are obligated calcium excreters, this causes what?

Answer 25

Calcium carbonate crystals to form and are excreted in the urine

Question 26

What is the suspensory ligament and where is it located?

Answer 26

A strong band of tissue that prevents excessive extension of the fetlock joint during weight-bearing phase. The back of the cannon bone between the splint bones.

Question 27

What makes up the suspensory apparatus?

Answer 27

- suspensory ligament - proximal sesamoid bones - distal sesamoidean ligaments

Question 28

What are the main bones inside the hoof?

Answer 28

- P3 distal phalanx (coffin bone) - distal tip of P2 (middle phalanx, short pastern) - navicular bone (distal sesamoid bone)

Question 29

The hoof wall is made up of what 3 layers?

Answer 29

- stratum externum - stratum medium - stratum internum (insensitive lamina)

Question 30

What is the corium?

Answer 30

Area in the hoof that contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to the epidermis of the hoof.

Question 31

Of the 5 corium what is the most important? Why?

Answer 31

``` Laminar corium (sensitive laminae) It interweaves with the stratum internum to provide nutrients to the insensitive lamina. ```

Question 32

What is the underside view of the hoof?

Answer 32

Volar surface

Question 33

WTF is the frog?

Answer 33

Cornified tissue on the bottom of the foot, used to provide a softer, cushion like landing.

Question 34

What degrees can the horse see?

Answer 34

300, with blind spots directly in front of and behind.

Question 35

Corpora nigra

Answer 35

Small black granules attached to the margin of the pupil. This is normal.

Question 36

PCV of RBC?

Answer 36

32%-48%

Question 37

RBC often form shapes called rouleaux, what are theses?

Answer 37

When the RBC stack on each other like coins or poker chips.

Question 38

Horses cannot produce what kind of RBC

Answer 38

Reticulocytes, immature RBC

Question 39

What kind of RBC are normal in a foal up to 1 year old?

Answer 39

Microcytosis, small RBC

Question 40

What is found on the WBC eosinophil?

Answer 40

Large pink granules in the cytoplasm, looks like cotton candy

Question 41

Fibrinogen

Answer 41

A responses to acute inflammation.

Question 42

Is it normal for a horse to have higher bilirubin compared to small animals

Answer 42

Yes. Due to lack of gall bladder.

Question 43

Two most important liver enzymes?

Answer 43

SDH - liver specific enzyme | GGT - non liver specific