A&P

Question 1

Which of the 5 basic systems is interconnected with the limbic system, therefore having emotional and behavioral implications?

Smell

taste

vision

hearing

Answer 1

Smell

Smell, also known as olfaction, relies on chemical receptors located in the roof of the nasal cavity. Smell centers are interconnected with the limbic system and have emotional and behavioral implications.

Question 2

Which of the following is located between L4 and S3 nerves roots?

Brachial plexus

sciatic nerve

cervical plexus

lumbosacaral plexus?

Answer 2

Sciatic nerve

The sciatic nerve is located between L4 and the S3 nerve roots. The lumbosacaral plexus is located between L1 and the S4 nerve roots. The brachial plexus is located between the C5 and the T1 nerve roots. The cervical plexus is located between the C1 and the C4 nerve roots.

Question 3

Which of the following organs has the greatest effect on a client’s blood sugar levels? Brain kidney spleen pancreas

Answer 3

Pancreas Faulty pancreatic activity affects insulin production. The body loses the ability to oxidize carbohydrates because of this. The insulin in the pancreas causes an individual’s blood sugar to drop and the glucagons in the pancreas to cause an individual’s blood sugar level to rise.

Question 4

What does the right lung have that the left lung does not? Middle lobe inferior lobe superior lobe bronchus

Answer 4

Middle lobe The left lung does not have a middle lobe, as it is not symmetrical to the right lung. The right lung has 3 loves, whereas the left lung only has 2. The left lung has a bronchus, a superior lobe, and an inferior lobe. The right lung has a bronchus, a superior lobe, a middle lobe, and an inferior lobe.

Question 5

Which important area of the brain regulates essential functions of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure? Cerebellum medulla oblongata midbrain temporal lobe

Answer 5

Medulla oblongata The medulla oblongata connects the pons with the spinal cord and has a cardiac center, vasomotor center, and a respiratory center. The cardiac center regulates heartbeat. The vasomotor regulates blood pressure. The respiratory center regulates breathing.

Question 6

The sciatic nerve that is contained within the gluteus region could be damaged or irritated if a massage therapist massages which of the following anatomical areas? Abdomen Cubital region Ulnar notch Sciatic notch

Answer 6

Sciatic notch

Question 7

The left ventricular walls of the heart are the thickest of the four chambers of the heart because The left ventricle must hold the most blood The left ventricle must absorb the most blood The left ventricle needs the most protection The left ventricle must pump blood throughout the entire body

Answer 7

The left ventricle must pump blood throughout the entire body

Question 8

Which of the following is the mechanism responsible for the movement of food along the GI tract? Peristalsis Mechanical digestion Concentric contraction Mastication lubrication

Answer 8

Peristalsis Peristalsis is the process of pushing food along the alimentary canal. It is a wavelike contraction that moves food through the GI tract. Concentric contraction is shortening of the muscle, typically describing the skeletal musculature. Mechanical digestion is the process of converting large particles of food into small particles of food. Mastication lubrication is the process of secreting saliva while chewing food.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a type of sensory nerve receptors that supply each muscle? Type 4 Type 1a Type 1b Type 1c

Answer 9

Type 1c There are five sensory nerve receptors that supply each muscle. They respond to pain, chemical stimuli, temperature, deep pressure, muscle length, the rate of muscle length change, muscle tension and the rate of change in tension. Type 1a: primary muscle spindle Type 1b: golgi tendon organ Type 2: secondary muscle spindle (includes pacinian corpuscles) Type 3: free nerve endings that are sensitive to pain, chemicals, and temperature Type 4: nociceptors

Question 10

In regards to sources of vitamins, which of the following is not considered fat-soluble? Folic acid Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin K

Answer 10

Folic acid Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin that aids in the formation of hemoglobin and nucleic acids. It is found in green vegetables, legumes, nuts, fruits and whole grains. Vitamin A, D, E and K are all fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin A functions for mucous membrane health, skin, hair, bone development and retinal health. Vitamin D functions in the development of bones and teeth and assists in calcium absorption. Vitamin E functions to conserve fatty acids and protect cell membranes. Vitamin K functions to assist in blood clotting factors.

Question 11

Which plane of the body divides the body into left and right, unequal sections? Coronal/frontal Transverse Sagittal Midsagittal

Answer 11

Sagittal The sagittal plane of the body divides the body into left and right sections, though not necessarily equal sections. The midsagittal plane of the body divides the body into left and right equal halves. The transverse plane of the body divides the body into superior and inferior halves. The coronal/ frontal plane of the body divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.

Question 12

In regards to neurotransmitter physiology, which neurotransmitter is responsible for influencing motor activity; especially learned, fine movements? Serotonin Cortisol Dopaminhe Oxytocin

Answer 12

Dopamine Dopamine influences motor activity that involves movement, conscious selection and mood. Low dopamine levels contribute to a lack of motor control and clums iness. Individuals who have Parkinson’s disease have a lack of usable dopamine in their brains, which contributes to the motor deficits of the disease. Massage can increase the availability of dopamine in the body. Serotonin allows a person to maintain context-appropriate behavior and regulates mood. Oxytocin is a bonding hormone that facilitates parental bonding and feelings of attachment. Cortisol is a stress hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands during prolonged stress.

Question 13

What two structures does the larynx connect? Pharynx and sinuses Trachea and nosse Pharynx and trachea Pharynx and lungs

Answer 13

What two structures does the larynx connect? Pharynx and trachea The larynx is also known as the voice box and connects the pharynx and trachea. The pharynx is also known as the throat, and the trachea is known as the “windpipe.” Therefore, the larynx connects the throat and windpipe. Its function is to create sound/ change pitch in the voice. The larynx is not directly connected to the lungs or sinuses/nose. The esophagus travels to the nasal cavity and is not directly connected to the trachea.

Question 14

Which of the following best defines combined form “cephal/o”? Head Cheek Heart Wrist

Answer 14

Head The combined form “cephal/o” is used to mean “head.” For massage therapists, the term cephalic is often used in documentation, referring to an area near or around the head. The combined form” The combined form “carp/o” is used to mean “wrist.” The combined form “cardi/o” is used to mean “heart.” The combined form “bucc/ o” is used to mean “cheek.’

Question 15

Which of the following describes the function of a ligament? It connects a muscle to a bone It lines muscles It connects a bone to another bone It provides cushioning between joints

Answer 15

It connects a bone to another bone. A ligament is a short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connect: bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. A tendon connects a muscle to a bone. Cartilage provides a cushioning between joints. Fascia is the lining of muscles.

Question 16

The muscular system’s functions include all of the following except: Posture and support Body movement Heat generation Calcium storage

Answer 16

Calcium storage Calcium storage is a function of the body’s skeletal system, not the body’s muscular system. The muscular system’s functions include body movement, posture and support, and heat generation.

Question 17

Which of the following describes a bony process that is a rounded projection at the end of a bone, articulating with other bones to form a joint Facet Notch Condyle Trochlea

Answer 17

Condyle A condyle is a rounded projection at the end of a bone that articulates with other bones to form a joint. An example of condyles are the medial and lateral condyles of the femur. A notch is an indentation of a large groove in a bone. A trochlea is a pulley-shaped structure on a bone. A facet is a smooth, flat surface of a bone.

Question 18

Which chamber of the heart is responsible for pumping oxygen-rich blood into the aorta? Left ventricle Left atriun Right ventricle Right atrium

Answer 18

Left ventricle The left ventricle is the chamber of the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-rich blood into the aorta. The left atrium is the chamber of the heart that is responsible for receiving the oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary veins. The right ventricle is the chamber of the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary arteries and into the lungs. The right atrium is the chamber of the heart that is responsible for receiving the oxygen-poor blood from the vena cava.

Question 19

When a person experiences orthostatic hypotension (feeling dizzy when standing up quickly), what occurs in the autonomic nervous System as a response? Signal frequency from baroreceptors decreases resulting in increased sympathetic stimulation Signal frequency from baroreceptors remains unchanged Signal frequency from baroreceptors decreases resulting in increased parasympathetic stimulation Signal frequency from baroreceptors increases resulting in decreased sympathetic stimulation

Answer 19

Signal frequency from baroreceptors decreases resulting in increase sympathetic stimulation Baroreceptors sense stretch in the large arteries of the body. When blood pressure decreases, less stretch occurs in the arteries which results in decreased stimulation of baroreceptors. In order to maintain normal blood pressure, the body responds by increasing sympathetic stimulation in an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. When less stretch occurs in the arteries (lower blood pressure), signal frequency will always reduce. This reduction will result in increased sympathetic stimulation to avoid syncope. Increased parasympathetic stimulation would result in low heart rate and blood pressure which may induce syncope.

Question 20

In regards to medical terminology, if you wanted to refer to the chest, which of the following combining forms would you use? ren/o tars/o phleb/o thorac/o

Answer 20

thorac/o The combined form “thorac/o” is used to mean “chest. The combined form that you would use for kidney is “ren/o.” The combined form “tars/o” is used to mean “ankle. “ The combined form “phleb/o” is used to mean “vein.”

Question 21

Pulling the hand away from a hot stove is an example of which type of reflex? Arthrokinematic reflex Righting reflex Stretch reflex Withdrawal reflex

Answer 21

Withdrawal reflex The withdrawal reflex is a protective response in which instantaneous muscle contraction occurs for protection. Touching a hot stove, the withdrawal reflex causes the hand to be immediately withdrawn. The righting reflex and oculopelvic reflexes stimulate instantaneous contraction for joint protection and support upright posture. Arthrokinematic reflexes are the unconscious contraction of muscles surrounding a joint from irritation in the joint. A stretch reflex (such as a patellar tendon reflex) causes a muscle contraction in response to a quick stretch of the muscle or tendon.

Question 22

A patient is experiencing pain that is in one area but also continues along the irritated nerve tract. Which type of pain is this patient experiencing? Visceral pain Localized pain Referred pain Projected pain

Answer 22

Projected pain Projected pain is a nerve pain that is continued along the nerve tract. An example may be a pain that is experienced around the elbow but is also felt down the border of the forearm (indicative of ulnar nerve tract). Localized pain is confined to a specific area at the site of origin. Visceral pain comes from stimulation of the receptors in the internal organs. Referred pain is felt in an area distant from the site of the painful stimulus

Question 23

Which of the following bones is one of the bones that is located in the lower limb skeletal division? UIna Fibula Sacrum Sternum

Answer 23

Fibula The fibula, along with the femur, tibia, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges, is a bone located in the lower limb skeletal division. The sacrum is located in the axial skeletal division. The ulna is located in the upper limb skeletal division. The sternum is located in the axial skeletal division.

Question 24

Which of the following options best describes cerebral circulation? Sends blood to all parts of the body Sends blood to the brain Sends blood to the lungs Sends blood to the coronary arteries

Answer 24

Sends blood to the brain Cerebral circulation is responsible for sending blood to the brain. Systemic circulation is responsible for sending blood to all parts of the body. Pulmonary circulation is responsible for sending blood to the lungs. Coronary circulation is responsible for sending blood to the coronary arteries.

Question 25

What cranial nerve affects the function of visceral organs? Facial nerve Vagus nerve Trigeminal nerve Trochlear nerve

Answer 25

Vagus nerve The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) contains sensory neurons for the pharynx, larynx, trachea, heart, carotid body, lungs, bronchi, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and gallbladder. It contains motor neurons to the pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles to control swallowing and thoracic and abdominal viscera. They also carry impulses to the heart to control heart rate. The trochlear nerve innervates the muscles of the eyeball. The trigeminal nerve contains sensory neurons for the face, head, and corneas and motor neurons for chewing. The facial nerve contains sensory neurons for taste and motor neurons for facial expression, tear production, and salivation.

Question 26

What is the primary function of the urinary system's urethra? To produce the urine To carry the urine away from the bladder to the exterior To store the urine To transport the urine to the bladder

Answer 26

To carry the urine away from the bladder to the exterior The urethra is responsible for carrying the urine away from the bladder to the exterior. The bladder is responsible for storing the urine. The kidney is responsible for producing the urine. The ureter is responsible for transporting the urine to the bladder.

Question 27

Which muscle originates at the pubic spine and is used for spine flexion? External oblique Subscapularis Rectus abdominis ternal oblique

Answer 27

Rectus abdominis The rectus abdominis muscle originates at the pubic spine and is used for spine flexioon. The subscapularis, which is part of the rotator cuff, originates at the surface of the scapula and is used for medial rotation. The external oblique muscle originates at the lower eight ribs and is used for spinal rotation and side bending, with some involvement in spinal flexion. The internal oblique muscle originates at the inguinal ligament and is used for spinal rotation and side bending.

Question 28

Which part of the brain, located between the midbrain and the medulla, assists in rhythmic control of breathing? Pons Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Hypothalamus

Answer 28

Pons The pons assistsin rhythmic discharge of the respiratory center of the medulla, chewing,facial expressions, and eye movement. It is located between the midbrain and the medulla. It also contains cranial nerve nuclei and important centers for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

Question 29

What type of immunity is obtained after an individual has had a specific disease? Allergy Antibody Acquired immunity Acquired immunodeficiency

Answer 29

Acquired immunity Acquired immunity is resistance to a specific disease developed by people who have acquired the disease. The body is able to build up antibodies to the specific antigen related to that disease. An allergy is a state of hypersensitivity to a particular substance with an overreaction of the immune system. An antibody is an immune protein produced by the body in response to a specific antigen. Acquired immunodeficiency is a group of symptoms caused by the transmission of a virus that causes a breakdown in the immune system (like AIDs).

Question 30

Which of the following is not a function of the reproductive system? Production of gametes Production of eggs Production of sperm Fertilization of 24 pairs of chromosomes

Answer 30

Fertilization of 24 pairs of chromosomes The reproductive system does not fertilize 24 pairs of chromosomes; however, it is responsible for fertilizing 23 pairs of chromosomes. The reproductive system is also responsible for the production of eggs, sperm, and gametes.

Question 31

Which of the following is the respiratory and digestive system's common passage for air and food? Larynx Bronchi Pharynx Trachea

Answer 31

Pharynx The pharynx, which is also known as the throat, is the respiratory and digestive systems' common passage for air and food. The larynx, which is composed of vocal cords, muscle, and cartilage, is the respiratory system's passageway for air at the top of the trachea. The trachea, which is C-shaped cartilage, is the respiratory system's windpipe. The bronchi is the respiratory system's method of carrying air into the smaller branches of bronchioles.

Question 32

A massage therapist is working with a client who has strained a muscle. The pain the client is having is on the ischial tuberosity which is the origin of this muscle. The client also has pain on the medial aspect of the thigh when he brings his leg closer to midline. Which muscle is involved? Adductor magnus Vastus lateralis Biceps femoris Sartorius

Answer 32

Adductor magnus Several muscles originate on the ischial tuberosity; however, only one muscle is primarily involved in adduction (moving the limb closer to midline) and is located on the medial aspect of the thigh: adductor magnus. When a muscle has been strained, pain will be reproduced on contraction of the muscle, i.e., adduction. Other muscles that also originate on the ischial tuberosity are the semimembranosus, long head of biceps femoris, and semitendinosus. While a portion of the biceps femoris attaches here, it is not a primary mover in adduction and is not located on the medial aspect of the thigh. The sartorius originates on the ASIS and the vastus lateralis originates from various points on the femur including the trochanter and the intertrochanteric line.

Question 33

Which of the following is not a function of the endocrine system? Produce gametes Maintain homeostasis Emit protein hormones directly into the blood Regulate the metabolic processes

Answer 33

Produce gametes The endocrine system does not produce gametes. Gametes are sex cells that carry out reproduction. Gametes are produced by the body's reproductive system. The endocrine system's functions include the regulation of the metabolic processes, the maintenance of homeostasis, and the secretion of protein hormones directly into the blood.

Question 34

Which is part of the respiratory system that describes the 4-5 inch tube that is the main airway to the lungs? Larynx Pharynx Trachea Diaphragm

Answer 34

Trachea The trachea is the main airway to the lungs. It is a 4-5 inch tube that begins at the glottis and ends at the junction of the two main bronchi, near the level of the sternal notch. The trachea is also called the windpipe. The pharynx is the open space of the throat. The larynx is the voice box. The diaphragm is the dome-shaped sheet of muscle attached to the thoracic wall that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and assists with breathing.

Question 35

Which nerve roots make up the cervical plexus? C1-C4 C2-C8 C5-T1 L1-S4

Answer 35

C1-C4 The cervical plexus innervates parts of the head and neck and is made up of nerve roots C1-C4. The C5-T1 nerve roots make up the brachial plexus. The L1-S4 nerve roots make up the lumbosacral plexus

Question 36

An individual's thyroid can be found: Below the thalamus in the center of the brain Below the thalamus and the hypothalamus in the center of the brain Just above the kidneys Below the larynx in the neck

Answer 36

Below the larynx in the neck An individual's thyroid can be found below the larynx in the neck. This is important for a massage therapist to know, so that this are is avoided when providing massage. The thyroid functions as part of the endocrine system and regulates metabolism. The hypotha lamus can be found below the thalamus in the center of the brain. The pituitary can be found below the thalamus and the hypothalamus in the center of the brain. Adrenals can be found just above the kidneys.

Question 37

Which blood vessels are permeable to gases by diffusion? Veins Venuless Arteries Capillaries

Answer 37

Capillaries Capillaries are the blood vessels that are permeable to gases by diffusion. Capillaries connect the arterial and venous systems and are very small, thin blood vessels Venules are smaller blood vessels that branch from veins. Arteries are thick blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. Veins are thin blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart

Question 38

Which of the following options best identifies the pathway of blood through the heart from the lungs? Pulmonary vein \> LA\> Mitral valve \>LV\> Aortic valve \> Aorta\> Body Vena cava \> RV\> Tricuspid valve \> RA\> Pulmonic valve \> Pulmonary arteries \> Body Vena cava \> RA\> Tricuspid valve\> RV\> Pulmonic valve \> Pulmonary arteries\> Lungs Pulmonary vein \> LV\> Mitral valve \>LA\> Aortic valve \> Aorta \> Lungs

Answer 38

Pulmonary vein\> LA Mitral valve \> LV\> Aortic valve \> Aorta \>Body The pathway of blood through the heart frobm the lungs is as follows: Pulmonary vein \> LA \> Mitral valve \> LV\> Aortic valve \> Aorta\>Body The pathway of blood through the heart from the body is as follows: Vena cava \> RA\> Tricuspid valve\> RV\> Pulmonic valve\> Pulmonary arteries \> Lungs.

Question 39

The skeletal system is responsible for the body's: Communication and control Framework and movement Distribution and elimination Transportation and immunity

Answer 39

Framework and movement The skeletal system is responsible for the body's framework and movement. It provides attachment points for muscles and ligaments, protects internal organs, stores calcium and other minerals for release into the body as needed, and serves a the production site for red blood cells. The nervous system and endocrine systemn are responsible for the body's communication and control. The cardiovascular system and blood and the lymphatic system are responsible for the body's transportation and immunity system. The respiratory system, digestive system, and urinary system are responsible for the body's distribution and elimination.

Question 40

Which of the following options is contained within a dorsal cavity? Heart Lungs Reproductive organs Spinal cord

Answer 40

Spinal cord The spinal cord is a part of a dorsal cavity. The heart and lungs are within ventral cavities. Abdominopelvic cavities are the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs.

Question 41

Which of the following best describes the function of the large intestine? It secretes lubricating saliva It stores bile It secretes alkaline pancreatic juice It absorbs electrolytes and water

Answer 41

It absorbs electrolytes and water In regards to gastrointestinal physiology, the large intestine is an organ of the digestive system and absorbs electrolytes and water. The pancreas is an accessory organ of the digestive system and it secretes alkaline pancreatic juice. The gallbladder isan accessory organ of the digestive system and it stores bile. The salivary glands are ccessory organs of the digestive system and they secrete lubricating saliva.

Question 42

If you are massaging towards the client's head, which direction are you massaging? Lateral Superior/cranial Inferior/caudal Posterior/dorsal

Answer 42

Superior/cranial If you are massaging towards the client's head, you are massaging in a superior/cranial direction. When massaging in a posterior/dorsal direction, you are massaging towards the back of the body. When massaging in an inferior/caudal direction, you are massaging towards the sacrum. When massaging in a lateral direction, you are massaging toward the side of the body

Question 43

In regards to neurotransmitter physiology, which neurotransmitter is responsible for regulating mood, contributing to calm, quieting and comforting effects? Serotonin Cortisol Oxytocin Epinephrine

Answer 43

Serotonin Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that allows a person to do the appropriate thing at the appropriate time. It regulates mood and brings about a sense of calm and comfort. A low serotonin level has been implicated in depression, eating disorders and pain disorders. Massage seems to increase available levels of serotonin. Epinephrine activates arousal mechanisms in the body, increasing arousal, alertness and attention. Oxytocin is a bonding hormone that is associated with feelings of attachment and caretaking. Cortisol is a stress hormone that is produced during prolonged periods of stress.

Question 44

In regards to the lungs, which of the following is true? The right and the left lung are identical The right lung contains only the superior lobe and the inferior lobe The right lung contains the superior lobe, middle lobe, and inferior lobe The left lung has three lobes the right lung has two lobes

Answer 44

The right lung contains the superior lobe, middle lobe, and inferior lobe It is true that the right lung contains the superior lobe, middle lobe, and inferior lobe. The right lung contains three lobes while the left lung only contains two lobes. The left lung contains only the superior lobe and the inferior lobe. The right and left lungs are not identical.

Question 45

Which of the following bony regions is a protruding area in which tendons and ligaments attach? Canal Groove Spinous process Fissure

Answer 45

Spinous process Spinous processes, or spines, are sharp, bony or slender projections of a bone. Examples include the vertebral spinous process and the spine of the scapula. Canals, grooves and fissures are examples of depressions and openings on bones

Question 46

If a client fractured his or her sternum, which part of his or her body is hurt? Back Chest Lower leg Shoulder

Answer 46

Chest The sternum, along with the clavicle and xiphoid process, is located in the anterior of the chest. The shoulder contains the scapula, clavicle and humerus. The lower leg contains the femur, patella, fibula, tibia tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges. The back contains the scapula, vertebrae, ribs, sacrum and coccyx.

Question 47

In relation to the physiology of building and maintaining bones, ossification includes all of the following cell types except: Fibroblasts Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes

Answer 47

Fibroblasts The skeletal system does not contain fibroblasts cells. The skeletal system contains the following cells: osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. The prefix (osteo) of the cells names should indicate to you that they are bone related; therefore, they would belong in the skeletal system. Fibroblasts cells are the cells that produce fibrin for clotting in the integumentary system.

Question 48

The meninges consist of layers of tissue. Which layer of tissue is the thickest external layer? Arachnoid membrane Dura mater Cerebrum Pia mater

Answer 48

Dura mater The dura mater layer of tissue is the thickest external layer of the meninges. The arachnoid membrane is the meninges' web-like layer and the pia mater is the meninges' thin and innermost layer. The cerebrum is 80% of the brain's total mass and is not a layer of tissue that is contained in the meninges.

Question 49

Which of the following types of circulation sends blood to all parts of the body from the left ventricle to the right atrium? Cerebral Coronary Systemic Pulmonary

Answer 49

Systemic Systemic circulation is responsible for sending blood to all parts of the body from the left ventricle to the right atrium. Cerebral circulation is responsible for sending blood to the brain. Pulmonary circulation is responsible for sending blood to the lungs. Coronary circulation is responsible for sending blood to the coronary arteries.

Question 50

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, of which pair(s) is/are thoracic 1 5 8 12

Answer 50

12 There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, of which 12 pairs are thoracic, 8 pairs are cervical, 5 pairs are lumbar, 5 pairs are sacral, and 1 pair is coccygeal. Spinal nerves are sensory and motor nerves that are in the peripheral nervous system.

Question 51

A person who has difficulty with varicose veins has a breakdown of: The pump system of veins The valve system of veins The valve system of arteries Dysfunctional capillaries

Answer 51

The valve system of veins Veins have a valve system that helps prevent the backflow of blood back into the veins and interstitial tissues. When this valve system is not working properly, it allows blood to pool in veins, which then become engorged and results in a varicose vein. Veins themselves do not have a pump system; however, the contraction of muscles surrounding veins work as a "muscle pump" to help blood move through veins. Arteries do not have a valve system since bloodis traveling through them at much higher pressures.

Question 52

Macrophage cells are produced for which of the following reasons? To sense touch For the immune system For clotting transport blood to hair follicles

Answer 52

For the immune system Macrophage cells are produced for the immune system. They are large phagocytic cells. The purpose of macrophage cells is to engulf and break down potentially hazardous cells including bacteria and viruses, as well as cellular debris and proteins. Macrophages are type of white blood cell. Fibrin is produced by fibroblast clotting. Blood vessels are used to transport blood to hair follicles. Sensory nerve endings are used to sense touch.

Question 53

What would happen if calcium levels dropped below normal in the body? Muscles and nerves would hypertrophy Muscles and nerves would be unaffected Muscles and nerves would become more easily excited Muscles and nerves would be less responsive to stimuli

Answer 53

Muscles and nerves would become more easily excited Higher levels of calcium mean more is available for muscle cells and nerve cells to use. When more calcium is available, actin and myosin are unbound from regulatory proteins and more easily bind to create muscle contractions. Calcium is also involved in the transmission of nerve impulses across synapses; thus, nerves become more excitable. Hypertrophy of muscles is independent of calcium levels, and nerves do not undergo hypertrophy. Since calcium is such an integral part of muscle and nerve function, any change above or below the normal levels of calcium in the body would affect both muscle and nerve tissue.

Question 54

The extensor digitorum longus and the anterior tibialis muscles are the ankle muscles that move Dorsiflexor Evertor Invertor Plantarflexor

Answer 54

Dorsiflexor The extensor digitorum longus and the anterior tibialis muscles are dorsiflexor muscles that move the ankle. The dorsiflexor muscles bring the toes toward the leg and the plantarflexor muscles takes the toes away from the leg. Dorsiflexion is a necessary motion at the ankle to allow for proper foot clearance during the swing phase of gait. Weakness or impaired innervation of the dorsiflexors can lead to foot drop.

Question 55

Which of the following is the thyroid hormone that decreases levels of blood calcium? Thyroxine Calcitonin Oxytocin Prolactin

Answer 55

Calcitonin Calcitonin is the thyroid hormone that decreases levels of blood calcium. Calcitonin inhibits the release of calcium and potassium from the bones. It also inhibits the absorption of calcium from the Gl tract and increases calcium excretion by the kidneys. Thyroxine is the thyroid hormone that increases the metabolic rate. Oxytocin is a posterior pituitary hormone that regulates the uterus and mammary glands. Prolactin is an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production.

Question 56

Which of the following is not part of the lymphatic system? Antibodies B-cells Tlymphocytes Osteocytes

Answer 56

Osteocytes Osteocytes are cells that are located in the skeletal system, not the lymphatic system. Antibodies, T lymphocytes, and B cells are all located in the lymphatic system. Antibodies are immunoglobulins that attach to specific antigens. T lymphocytes are T-cells, which are white blood cells that identify antigens as being foreign. B-cells are lymphocytes that produce antibodies by differentiating into plasma cells

Question 57

This structure produces estrogen and progesterone Uterus Vagina Ovaries Fallopian tubes

Answer 57

Ovaries The ovaries are glands located in the lower abdomen and are part of the female reproductive system. They produce estrogen and progesterone which are female sex hormones responsible for the production and maintenance of the reproductive system. The uterus is located inferior and medial to the ovaries and is responsible for housing a developing fetus during pregnancy. The fallopian tubes travel between the uterus and ovaries and carry eggs from the ovary to the uterus. The vagina is a muscular canal that travels from the uterus to the exterior of the body. None of the above structures are involved in the production of estrogen and progesterone.

Question 58

The abdominal region is divided into four quadrants: right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant and the left lower quadrant. Which quadrant holds the appendix? Right lower quadrant Left upper quadrant Left lower quadrant Right upper quadrant

Answer 58

Right lower quadrant The right lower quadrant extends from the median plane to the right and from the umbilical plan to right inguinal ligament. Pain in the right lower quadrant could be a red flag for appendicitis as the appendix is found within the right lower quadrant. The other quadrants are incorrect choices. The right upper quadrant contains structurees such as the liver, gallbladder and head of pancreas. The left upper quadrant contains structures such as the stomach and spleen. The left lower quadrant contains the descending colon and left ureter.

Question 59

What is a major component of scar tissue? T cells Fibroblasts Collagen Osteocytes

Answer 59

Collagen Collagen is the major component of scar tissue. Of all the hundreds of different protein compounds in the body, collagen is the most abundant, with more than one-fourth of the protein in the body. Collagen creates strong fibers with minimal stretch.

Question 60

In regards to body cavities, which is not considered an anterior/ventral region of the trunk? Abdominal cavity Thoracic cavity Cranial cavity Pelvic cavity

Answer 60

Cranial cavity The cranial cavity is considered part of the posterior/dorsal cavity of the trunk. The two dorsal cavities are located toward the back of the body and include the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. The cranial cavity is found in the skull, containing the brain and related structures. The thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic cavities are all part of the anterior/ ventral cavities of the trunk.

Question 61

If a bone has a spine on it, it has a: Ridge Rough bump Sharp bump Rounded bump

Answer 61

Sharp pump If a bone has a spine on it, it has a sharp bump. Anatomical examples include the spinous process of a vertebra as well as the spine of the scapula. If a bone has a condyle on it, it has a rounded bump. If a bone has a crest on it, it has a ridge. If a bone has a tuberosity on it, it has a rough bump.

Question 62

When an adult individual is at rest, what is a normal respiratory rate? 16 to 20 breaths per minute 22 to 26 breaths per minute 30 to 36 breaths per minute 10 breaths per minute

Answer 62

16 to 20 breaths per minute When an individual is at rest, his or her respiratory rate should be 16 to 20 breaths per minute. An individual's respiratory rate will increase if she or he is exercising, has low oxygen, is a smoker, or has a pulmonary disease. Babies and children have a higher resting respiratory rate, at approximately 35 breaths per minute.

Question 63

Which of the following describes the endosteum? The thin membrane of connective tissue that lines the marrow cavity of a bone The thin membrane of connective tissue that covers the outside of bones Anatomical unit that connects muscle to bone Anatomical unit that connects bone to bone

Answer 63

The thin membrane of connective tissue that Iines the marrow cavity of a bone The endoste um (plural: endostea) is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. The periosteum is a thin membrane that covers the outside of the bones. Tendonns connect muscle to bone and ligaments connect bone to bone

Question 64

What description most accurately represents a stretch reflex? The experience of pain as a result of overstretching a muscle Stretching of a muscle elicits a protective contraction of that same muscle A feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation Passive stretching to increase flexibility

Answer 64

Stretching of a muscle elicits a protective contraction of that same muscle The stretch reflex results when a portion of a muscle is stretched and as a result, the muscle contracts. An example of a stretch reflex is the patellar tendon reflex. The patellar tendon is stretched and as a result, the quadriceps contracts and the leg extends. The tendon reflex operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation.

Question 65

If a client has lost voluntary control over the movement of his body parts, which body system is not functioning appropriately? Skeletal system Integumentary system Gastrointestinal system Nervous systemm

Answer 65

Nervous system If a client has lost control over his body parts, his nervous system is not function ing appropriately. The nervous system is responsible for communication and control. An example of a disease that would cause this is a stroke or spinal cord injury. The skeletal and muscular systems are responsible for framework and movement. The gastrointestinal system is responsible for digestion of food and nutrients integumentary system contains protective membranes, temperature regulation, and sensory receptors.

Question 66

The reaction that happens within cellular processes that is responsible for the production or consumption of energy is known as: Metabolism Reproduction Circulation Absorption

Answer 66

Metabolism Metabolism is a chemical reaction that occurs to effect transformation, production or consumption of energy. Energy comes from nutrients and is processed into ATP. Absorption is the transport and use of nutrients. Circulation is the movement of fluids, nutrients, secretions and waste from one area of the body to another. Reproduction is the formation of a new being or new cells in the body.

Question 67

If a client states that a muscle in his upper leg hurts when he flexes his knee, which muscle is most likely causing the pain? Soleus Flexor hallucis longus Semimembranosus Tibialis anterior

Answer 67

Semimembranosus The semimembranosus is a part of the hamstring muscle group. Therefore, if a client states that a muscle in his upper leg hurts when he flexes his knee, is most likely related to the hamstring muscle group, as the hamstring is responsible for knee flexion. The tibialis anterior muscle allows for ankle dorsiflexion. The soleus muscle allows for ankle plantarflexion. The flexor hallucis longus muscle allows for toe flexion.

Question 68

Which layer of the skin acts as the insulation for the body? Dermis Hair follicles Epidermis Subcutaneous tissue

Answer 68

Subcutaneous tissue The skin is made up of three layers: epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The subcutaneous tissue attaches the dermis to the underlying structures. It is made up of fatty adipose tissue and acts as insulation for the body

Question 69

Where in the digestive system is the solid waste stored? Anus Villi Rectum Peristalsis

Answer 69

Rectum The solid waste is stored in the rectum and part of the large intestine. The anus is where the sphincter valve controls one's defecation. The villi are where the absorption and the end products of the digestive system take place. Peristalsis is the process of pushing food along the alimentary canal.

Question 70

What is an immunity that is developed by people who have already had the disease? Innate immunity Allergy Antibody Aquired immunity

Answer 70

Acquired immunity Acquired immunity is an immunity that is caused from an immune system response to an antigen exposure. There are four types of acquired immunity: 1. Passive immunity induced 2. Active immunity induced 3. Active immunity naturally acquired 4. Passive immunity naturally acquired Immunity that is genetically predetermined is known as innate immunity. Allergy is a state of hypersensitivity to a particular substance. An antibody is an immune protein produced by the body in response to a specific antigen.

Question 71

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system? Regulate blood pressure Regulate electrolyte balance Transport antibodies throughout the body Eliminate excess water

Answer 71

Transport antibodies throughout the body The transportation of antibodies throughout the body is a function of the lymphatic system, not the urinary system. The urinary system's functions include the regulation of blood pressure, the regulation of electrolyte balance, and the elimination of excess water and toxins

Question 72

Which of the following options best defines phagocytosis? The process in which water is diffused through a semipermeable membrane The process in which a substance moves from a higher to a lower concentration The process in which solids are engulfed by the cell membrane The process in which fluids are engulfed by the cell membrane

Answer 72

The process in which solids are engulfed by the cell membrane Phagocytosis is the process in which solids are engulfed by the cell membrane. Phagocytosis is a function of white blood cells, in which the neutrophils engulf bacteria in a cell-eating process. This function is important in the body's natural defenses. Pinocytosis is the process in which fluids are engulfed by the cell membrane. Osmosis is the process in which water is diffused through a semipermeable membrane. Diffusion is the process in which a substance moves from a higher to a lower concentration.

Question 73

Which of the following is not an anatomical structure of a woman's urinary system? Kidney Ureter Uterus Urethra

Answer 73

Uterus The uterus is an organ of the female reproductive system, not the urinary system. The urinary system is comprised of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter about 100 L of blood per day, reabsorbing 99 L of filtrate and leaving about 1L of urine in the average adult.

Question 74

What process occurs when a cell divides into two identical cells? Meiosis Mitosis Diffusion Phagocytosis

Answer 74

Mitosis Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, and each set ends up in its own nucleus. It is an essential function of cellular reproduction. Meiosis is the process of producing eggs and sperm (the cell divides, halving the number of chromosomes). Diffusion is when a substance is moved from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. Phagocytosis is when cell membranes engulf solids.

Question 75

The nose, pharynx, and larynx are all parts of the: Lymphatic system Muscular system Nervous systemn Respiratory system

Answer 75

Respiratory system The nose, pharynx, and larynx are all parts of the respiratory system. In addition to those three parts, the respiratory system also includes the trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and lungs. The respiratory system's function is to distribute air and exchange gas.

Question 76

Muscle fibers are arranged in parallel bundles called: Actin Myosin Fascicles Myofibril

Answer 76

Fascicles The structural unit of skeletal muscle is the muscle fiber and the fibers are arranged in parallel bundles called fascicles. Each fascicle is made of many myofibrils. The myofibril is made of thousands of protein strands arranged in parallel bundles called myofilaments. Actin and myosin are the basic proteins of muscle contraction.

Question 77

Skin is an organ that does all of the following except: Excrete salts, water, and oils from the body Protect the body's internal structures Synthesize vitamin C Regulate the body's temperature

Answer 77

Synthesize vitamin C The skin does not synthesize vitamin C, but it does synthesize vitamin D. The skin is an organ that is responsible for: Protecting the body's internal structures Regulating the body's temperature Excreting salts, water, and oils from the body Sensing touch Synthesizing vitamin D

Question 78

What is the main difference between hormones and neurotransmitters? Chemical makeup Function Location Half life

Answer 78

Location The main difference between hormones and neurotransmitters is location. When they are found in the bloodstream or in a tissue, they are called hormones. When they are found in synapses, they are referred to as neurotransmitters.

Question 79

Which of the following cellular functions responsible for the production of egg and sperm cells? Meiosis Mitosis Nucleus Ribosomes

Answer 79

Meiosis Meiosis is responsible for the production of egg and sperm cells. It is a process in which each cell divides for a second time. In the second division, each cell receives half the normal number of chromosomes, forming two reproductive cells. Therefore, there are a total of four reproductive cells from one meiotic cycle. Mitosis is responsible for dividing cells into two identical cells. The nucleus contains DNA and the ribosomes assemble proteins along the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 80

Which of the following cranial nerves innervates the tongue? Hypoglossal Olfactory Trochlear Trigeminal

Answer 80

Hypoglossal The cranial nerve that innervates the tongue is the hypoglossal (XI) nerve. It arises in the medulla and contains mostly motor neurons, innervating the tongue and throat. The trigeminal (V) nerves contain sensory and motor innervation for the head and face. The trochlear (IV) nerves innervate the muscles of the eye. The olfactory (1) nerves transmit taste and smell information.

Question 81

Which of the following planes of the body divide the body into equal left and right halves, running down the middle of the body? Coronal Transverse Sagittal Midsagittal

Answer 81

Midsagittal The midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves. The coronal plane divides the body into front and back halves. The transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower halves. The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right sections, but not along the midline.

Question 82

What is the process of energy loss caused by friction when tissues are loaded and unloaded? Creep Strain Thixotropy Hysteresis

Answer 82

Hysteressis Hysteresis is the process of energy loss caused by friction when tissues are loaded and unloaded. The tissues produce heat as they are loaded and unloaded, which happens with on-and-off pressure. Creating hysteresis reduces stiffness and improves tissue extensibility. Creep is the continued deformation of a viscoelastic material under constant load. Strain is a change in the shape as a result of stress. Thixotropy is a quality of colloids, in which rapid force increases the rigidity of the tissue.

Question 83

Which of the following best describes the respiratory system's internal respiration function? It exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide within the cells of the body It exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen within the lungs It uses oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate in the mitochondria It produces oxygen and delivers carbon dioxide

Answer 83

It exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide within the cells of the body The respiratory system's internal respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the cells of the body. The respiratory system's external respiration involves the absorption of oxygen from the by the lungs and transports carbon dioxide from the lungs back to the air. The cells use oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate in the mitochondria.

Question 84

How does the body respond to hypocalcemia? The parathyroid gland releases calcitonin The parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone The thyroid gland releases calcitonin The thyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone

Answer 84

The parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone When calcium levels are low in the body, the parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone which releases calcium and phosphate from bones and teeth the excretion of calcium from the kidneys is reduced by the presence of parathyroid hormone. When hypercalcemia occurs, the body's thyroid gland releases calcitonin causes the bones to hold on to calcium. Calcitonin also prevents the digestive system from absorbing more calcium.

Question 85

What does the enteric nervous system innervate? Skin The kidneys and bladder The gallbladder, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract The heart and lungs

Answer 85

The gallbladder, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract The enteric nervous system is a division of the autonomic nervous system and innervates the gallbladder, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. It can act independently of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The heart and lungs, and the kidneys and bladder are all innervated by the autonomic nervous system, but not the enteric nervous system. The skin is innervated by the somatic nervous system.

Question 86

Which of the following options best identifies the pathway of blood through the heart from the body? Pulmonary vein \> LA\> Bicuspid valve\> LV\> Aortic semilunar valve \>Aorta \> Body Vena cava \> RV\> Tricuspid valve\> RA\> Pulmonic valve \> Pulmonary arteries \> Body Vena cava \> RA \> Tricuspid valvee\> RV\> Pulmonic valve \> Pulmonary arteries\> Lungs Pulmonary vein \> LV\> Bicuspid valve\> LA\> Aortic semilunar valve\> Aorta \> Lungs

Answer 86

Vena cava \> RA \> Tricuspid valve\> RV\> Pulmonic valve \> Pulmonary arteries\> Lungs The pathway of blood through the heart from the body is as follows: Vena cava\> RA\> Tricuspid valve \> RV\> Pulmonic valve\> Pulmonary arteries \> Lungs. The pathway of blood through the heart fromm the lungs is as follows: Pulmonary vein \> LA \>Mitral valve \> LV \> Aortic valve \> Aorta \> Body.

Question 87

If an individual is having kidney dysfunction what may he or she have trouble with? Elimination of urine Regulating body fluids Holding urine Transporting urine to the bladder

Answer 87

Regulating body fluids If an individual is having trouble with one of the kidneys, he or she may have trouble regulating his or her body fluids. The kidneys are responsible for the production of urine along with the regulation of body fluids. The ureter is used to transport the urine to the bladder, the bladder is used to store the urine, and the urethra is used for the elimination of urine.

Question 88

The pulmonary artery and aorta are considered which type of arteries? Elastic arteries Muscular arteriees Arterioles Capillaries

Answer 88

Elastic arteries Elastic arteries are the large arteries that are capable of undergoing passive stretching. They have thick walls and recoil with ventricular relaxation. This maintains the pressure to move blood. The aorta and pulmonary arteries are elastic arteries. Muscular arteries are small to medium sized and constitute most of the arteries in the body. Arterioles are the smallest of arteries. Capillaries are some of the tiny blood vessels located between arterioles and venules.

Question 89

Which of the following is the function of the endocrine system's parathyroid? Decreases the body's blood calcium Fosters calcium movement from the bones to the blood Increases the body's metabolic rate Regulates growth, fluid balance lactation and childbirth

Answer 89

Fosters calcium movement from the bones to the blood The function of the endocrine system's parathyroid is to foster the calcium movement from the bones to the blood. Parathormone combined with vitamin D esults in increased blood levels of calcium and phosphorus The thyroid's calcitonin decreases the body's blood calcium. The thyroid's thyroxine increases the body's metabolic rate. The pituitary secretes hormones that regulate growth, fluid balance, lactation and childbirth.

Question 90

Axillary nodes are lymph nodes that can be found in and near an individual's Knee Neck Armpit Breast

Answer 90

Armpit The axillary nodes are a group of lymph nodes located in the axillary (or armpit) region of the body. They perform the vital function of filtration and conduction of lymph from the upper limbs, pectoral region, and upper back. It is important to remember that the word "axillary" always refers to the armpit. Popliteal nodes are located around the knee, cervical nodes are located around the neck, and breast.

Question 91

Which nervous tissue is composed of neuroglial cells? Neuron Myelin sheath Nerve bundle Synaptic vesicles

Answer 91

Myelin sheath The myelin sheath is the nervous tissue that is composed of neuroglial cells. The neuron is the nervous tissue that uses its axon fibers to carry information away from the cell's body and its dendrite fibers to transmit information from cell to cell. The nerve bundle is composed of nerve fibers and the synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters.

Question 92

Which muscle group is used to roll one's shoulders backward? Retractors Depressors Elevators Protractors

Answer 92

Retractors Retractors are the muscles that roll one's shoulders backward. Protractors are the muscles that roll one's shoulders forward. Depressors are the muscles that drop shoulders. Elevators are the muscles that raise shoulders.

Question 93

What do ribosomes assemble along the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? Lipids Enzymes Organelles Proteins

Answer 93

Proteins Proteins are assembled by ribosomes along the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The proteins are then transported, packaged, and stored with lipids by the Golgi apparatus. Proteins are essential for cellular function, and especially important for muscular health.

Question 94

Which of the following best describes a bone sinus? An air cavity within the bone A rounded hole in the bone A furrow in the bone A canal in the bone

Answer 94

An air cavity within a bone A bone sinus is an air cavity in the bone. The frontal sinuses are an example. A foramen is a rounded hole in the bone. A grooveis a furrow in the bone. A meatus is a canal in the bone.

Question 95

In what order would a bolus of food travel through the large intestine? Ascending \> transverse\> descending\> sigmoid Transverse \> ascending\> descending \> sigmoid Descending \> transversee\> ascending \> sigmoid Ascending \> descending \> transverse \> sigmoid

Answer 95

Ascending \> transverse \> descending \> sigmoid The large intestine reabsorbs water from the bolus and forms/stores feces. The correct order for food to travel through the large intestine is the ascending colon portion, then transverse, then descending, followed by the sigmoid. Eventually, the bolus of food will then reach the rectum and feces will be expelled. The ascending portion of the large intestine is always the first portion of the large intestine.

Question 96

Peritoneum is part of the digestive tract wall and functions to: Increase friction in the thoracic cavity Increase friction in the abdominal cavity Prevent friction in the abdominal cavity Prevent friction in the thoracic cavity

Answer 96

Prevent friction in the abdominal cavity The peritoneum is a mucous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity, preventing friction. The abdominal cavity contains the major organs of digestion. The digestive tract consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

Question 97

If you are massaging towards the front of the client's body, which directional term would you use? Lateral Anterior/Ventral Inferior/Caudal Posterior/Dorsal

Answer 97

Anterior/ventral If you are massaging towards the front of the client's body, you are massaging in an anterior/ventral direction. A lateral direction would be to the side of the body, away from the midline. The inferior/ caudal direction is toward the sacrum. The posterior/dorsal direction is toward the back of the client's body

Question 98

Which of the following is not part of the central nervous system? Brain Spinal nerves Meninges Spinal cord

Answer 98

Spinal nerves The spinal nerves are not part of the central nervous system, as they are part of the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the meninges, brain, and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves.

Question 99

In regards to levels of organization of the body which of the following describes a tissue level organization? Muscle belly of the gastrocnemius Carbon atom Muscular system Mitochondria

Answer 99

Muscle belly of the gastrocnemius The tissue level organization describes a group of similar cells that usually have a similar embryologic origin and are specialized for a particular function. A muscle belly is a description of muscle tissue. Muscle tissue has the ability to effect movement by shortening through contraction. The muscular system is a system level description. A mitochondria is an organelle level description. A carbon atom is a chemical level description.

Question 100

Skin is an organ that excretes all of the following except Oil Salt Blood Water

Answer 100

Blood Skin is an organ that excretes all of the following except blood. The skin excretes oil, water, and salt. It synthesizes vitamin D. Blood travels through the blood vessels to heat the skin and is a component of the circulatory system. When the skin is cut/damaged, then blood is excreted through the capillaries of the circulatory system.