A&P Flashcards
Which of the 5 basic systems is interconnected with the limbic system, therefore having emotional and behavioral implications?
Smell
taste
vision
hearing
Smell
Smell, also known as olfaction, relies on chemical receptors located in the roof of the nasal cavity. Smell centers are interconnected with the limbic system and have emotional and behavioral implications.
Which of the following is located between L4 and S3 nerves roots?
Brachial plexus
sciatic nerve
cervical plexus
lumbosacaral plexus?
Sciatic nerve
The sciatic nerve is located between L4 and the S3 nerve roots. The lumbosacaral plexus is located between L1 and the S4 nerve roots. The brachial plexus is located between the C5 and the T1 nerve roots. The cervical plexus is located between the C1 and the C4 nerve roots.
Which of the following organs has the greatest effect on a client’s blood sugar levels? Brain kidney spleen pancreas
Pancreas Faulty pancreatic activity affects insulin production. The body loses the ability to oxidize carbohydrates because of this. The insulin in the pancreas causes an individual’s blood sugar to drop and the glucagons in the pancreas to cause an individual’s blood sugar level to rise.
What does the right lung have that the left lung does not? Middle lobe inferior lobe superior lobe bronchus
Middle lobe The left lung does not have a middle lobe, as it is not symmetrical to the right lung. The right lung has 3 loves, whereas the left lung only has 2. The left lung has a bronchus, a superior lobe, and an inferior lobe. The right lung has a bronchus, a superior lobe, a middle lobe, and an inferior lobe.
Which important area of the brain regulates essential functions of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure? Cerebellum medulla oblongata midbrain temporal lobe
Medulla oblongata The medulla oblongata connects the pons with the spinal cord and has a cardiac center, vasomotor center, and a respiratory center. The cardiac center regulates heartbeat. The vasomotor regulates blood pressure. The respiratory center regulates breathing.
The sciatic nerve that is contained within the gluteus region could be damaged or irritated if a massage therapist massages which of the following anatomical areas? Abdomen Cubital region Ulnar notch Sciatic notch
Sciatic notch
The left ventricular walls of the heart are the thickest of the four chambers of the heart because The left ventricle must hold the most blood The left ventricle must absorb the most blood The left ventricle needs the most protection The left ventricle must pump blood throughout the entire body
The left ventricle must pump blood throughout the entire body
Which of the following is the mechanism responsible for the movement of food along the GI tract? Peristalsis Mechanical digestion Concentric contraction Mastication lubrication
Peristalsis Peristalsis is the process of pushing food along the alimentary canal. It is a wavelike contraction that moves food through the GI tract. Concentric contraction is shortening of the muscle, typically describing the skeletal musculature. Mechanical digestion is the process of converting large particles of food into small particles of food. Mastication lubrication is the process of secreting saliva while chewing food.
Which of the following is not a type of sensory nerve receptors that supply each muscle? Type 4 Type 1a Type 1b Type 1c
Type 1c There are five sensory nerve receptors that supply each muscle. They respond to pain, chemical stimuli, temperature, deep pressure, muscle length, the rate of muscle length change, muscle tension and the rate of change in tension. Type 1a: primary muscle spindle Type 1b: golgi tendon organ Type 2: secondary muscle spindle (includes pacinian corpuscles) Type 3: free nerve endings that are sensitive to pain, chemicals, and temperature Type 4: nociceptors
In regards to sources of vitamins, which of the following is not considered fat-soluble? Folic acid Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin K
Folic acid Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin that aids in the formation of hemoglobin and nucleic acids. It is found in green vegetables, legumes, nuts, fruits and whole grains. Vitamin A, D, E and K are all fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin A functions for mucous membrane health, skin, hair, bone development and retinal health. Vitamin D functions in the development of bones and teeth and assists in calcium absorption. Vitamin E functions to conserve fatty acids and protect cell membranes. Vitamin K functions to assist in blood clotting factors.
Which plane of the body divides the body into left and right, unequal sections? Coronal/frontal Transverse Sagittal Midsagittal
Sagittal The sagittal plane of the body divides the body into left and right sections, though not necessarily equal sections. The midsagittal plane of the body divides the body into left and right equal halves. The transverse plane of the body divides the body into superior and inferior halves. The coronal/ frontal plane of the body divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.
In regards to neurotransmitter physiology, which neurotransmitter is responsible for influencing motor activity; especially learned, fine movements? Serotonin Cortisol Dopaminhe Oxytocin
Dopamine Dopamine influences motor activity that involves movement, conscious selection and mood. Low dopamine levels contribute to a lack of motor control and clums iness. Individuals who have Parkinson’s disease have a lack of usable dopamine in their brains, which contributes to the motor deficits of the disease. Massage can increase the availability of dopamine in the body. Serotonin allows a person to maintain context-appropriate behavior and regulates mood. Oxytocin is a bonding hormone that facilitates parental bonding and feelings of attachment. Cortisol is a stress hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands during prolonged stress.
What two structures does the larynx connect? Pharynx and sinuses Trachea and nosse Pharynx and trachea Pharynx and lungs
What two structures does the larynx connect? Pharynx and trachea The larynx is also known as the voice box and connects the pharynx and trachea. The pharynx is also known as the throat, and the trachea is known as the “windpipe.” Therefore, the larynx connects the throat and windpipe. Its function is to create sound/ change pitch in the voice. The larynx is not directly connected to the lungs or sinuses/nose. The esophagus travels to the nasal cavity and is not directly connected to the trachea.
Which of the following best defines combined form “cephal/o”? Head Cheek Heart Wrist
Head The combined form “cephal/o” is used to mean “head.” For massage therapists, the term cephalic is often used in documentation, referring to an area near or around the head. The combined form” The combined form “carp/o” is used to mean “wrist.” The combined form “cardi/o” is used to mean “heart.” The combined form “bucc/ o” is used to mean “cheek.’
Which of the following describes the function of a ligament? It connects a muscle to a bone It lines muscles It connects a bone to another bone It provides cushioning between joints
It connects a bone to another bone. A ligament is a short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connect: bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. A tendon connects a muscle to a bone. Cartilage provides a cushioning between joints. Fascia is the lining of muscles.
The muscular system’s functions include all of the following except: Posture and support Body movement Heat generation Calcium storage
Calcium storage Calcium storage is a function of the body’s skeletal system, not the body’s muscular system. The muscular system’s functions include body movement, posture and support, and heat generation.
Which of the following describes a bony process that is a rounded projection at the end of a bone, articulating with other bones to form a joint Facet Notch Condyle Trochlea
Condyle A condyle is a rounded projection at the end of a bone that articulates with other bones to form a joint. An example of condyles are the medial and lateral condyles of the femur. A notch is an indentation of a large groove in a bone. A trochlea is a pulley-shaped structure on a bone. A facet is a smooth, flat surface of a bone.
Which chamber of the heart is responsible for pumping oxygen-rich blood into the aorta? Left ventricle Left atriun Right ventricle Right atrium
Left ventricle The left ventricle is the chamber of the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-rich blood into the aorta. The left atrium is the chamber of the heart that is responsible for receiving the oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary veins. The right ventricle is the chamber of the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary arteries and into the lungs. The right atrium is the chamber of the heart that is responsible for receiving the oxygen-poor blood from the vena cava.
When a person experiences orthostatic hypotension (feeling dizzy when standing up quickly), what occurs in the autonomic nervous System as a response? Signal frequency from baroreceptors decreases resulting in increased sympathetic stimulation Signal frequency from baroreceptors remains unchanged Signal frequency from baroreceptors decreases resulting in increased parasympathetic stimulation Signal frequency from baroreceptors increases resulting in decreased sympathetic stimulation
Signal frequency from baroreceptors decreases resulting in increase sympathetic stimulation Baroreceptors sense stretch in the large arteries of the body. When blood pressure decreases, less stretch occurs in the arteries which results in decreased stimulation of baroreceptors. In order to maintain normal blood pressure, the body responds by increasing sympathetic stimulation in an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. When less stretch occurs in the arteries (lower blood pressure), signal frequency will always reduce. This reduction will result in increased sympathetic stimulation to avoid syncope. Increased parasympathetic stimulation would result in low heart rate and blood pressure which may induce syncope.
In regards to medical terminology, if you wanted to refer to the chest, which of the following combining forms would you use? ren/o tars/o phleb/o thorac/o
thorac/o The combined form “thorac/o” is used to mean “chest. The combined form that you would use for kidney is “ren/o.” The combined form “tars/o” is used to mean “ankle. “ The combined form “phleb/o” is used to mean “vein.”
Pulling the hand away from a hot stove is an example of which type of reflex? Arthrokinematic reflex Righting reflex Stretch reflex Withdrawal reflex
Withdrawal reflex The withdrawal reflex is a protective response in which instantaneous muscle contraction occurs for protection. Touching a hot stove, the withdrawal reflex causes the hand to be immediately withdrawn. The righting reflex and oculopelvic reflexes stimulate instantaneous contraction for joint protection and support upright posture. Arthrokinematic reflexes are the unconscious contraction of muscles surrounding a joint from irritation in the joint. A stretch reflex (such as a patellar tendon reflex) causes a muscle contraction in response to a quick stretch of the muscle or tendon.
A patient is experiencing pain that is in one area but also continues along the irritated nerve tract. Which type of pain is this patient experiencing? Visceral pain Localized pain Referred pain Projected pain
Projected pain Projected pain is a nerve pain that is continued along the nerve tract. An example may be a pain that is experienced around the elbow but is also felt down the border of the forearm (indicative of ulnar nerve tract). Localized pain is confined to a specific area at the site of origin. Visceral pain comes from stimulation of the receptors in the internal organs. Referred pain is felt in an area distant from the site of the painful stimulus
Which of the following bones is one of the bones that is located in the lower limb skeletal division? UIna Fibula Sacrum Sternum
Fibula The fibula, along with the femur, tibia, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges, is a bone located in the lower limb skeletal division. The sacrum is located in the axial skeletal division. The ulna is located in the upper limb skeletal division. The sternum is located in the axial skeletal division.
Which of the following options best describes cerebral circulation? Sends blood to all parts of the body Sends blood to the brain Sends blood to the lungs Sends blood to the coronary arteries
Sends blood to the brain Cerebral circulation is responsible for sending blood to the brain. Systemic circulation is responsible for sending blood to all parts of the body. Pulmonary circulation is responsible for sending blood to the lungs. Coronary circulation is responsible for sending blood to the coronary arteries.
What cranial nerve affects the function of visceral organs? Facial nerve Vagus nerve Trigeminal nerve Trochlear nerve
Vagus nerve The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) contains sensory neurons for the pharynx, larynx, trachea, heart, carotid body, lungs, bronchi, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and gallbladder. It contains motor neurons to the pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles to control swallowing and thoracic and abdominal viscera. They also carry impulses to the heart to control heart rate. The trochlear nerve innervates the muscles of the eyeball. The trigeminal nerve contains sensory neurons for the face, head, and corneas and motor neurons for chewing. The facial nerve contains sensory neurons for taste and motor neurons for facial expression, tear production, and salivation.
What is the primary function of the urinary system’s urethra? To produce the urine To carry the urine away from the bladder to the exterior To store the urine To transport the urine to the bladder
To carry the urine away from the bladder to the exterior The urethra is responsible for carrying the urine away from the bladder to the exterior. The bladder is responsible for storing the urine. The kidney is responsible for producing the urine. The ureter is responsible for transporting the urine to the bladder.
Which muscle originates at the pubic spine and is used for spine flexion? External oblique Subscapularis Rectus abdominis ternal oblique
Rectus abdominis The rectus abdominis muscle originates at the pubic spine and is used for spine flexioon. The subscapularis, which is part of the rotator cuff, originates at the surface of the scapula and is used for medial rotation. The external oblique muscle originates at the lower eight ribs and is used for spinal rotation and side bending, with some involvement in spinal flexion. The internal oblique muscle originates at the inguinal ligament and is used for spinal rotation and side bending.
Which part of the brain, located between the midbrain and the medulla, assists in rhythmic control of breathing? Pons Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Hypothalamus
Pons The pons assistsin rhythmic discharge of the respiratory center of the medulla, chewing,facial expressions, and eye movement. It is located between the midbrain and the medulla. It also contains cranial nerve nuclei and important centers for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
What type of immunity is obtained after an individual has had a specific disease? Allergy Antibody Acquired immunity Acquired immunodeficiency
Acquired immunity Acquired immunity is resistance to a specific disease developed by people who have acquired the disease. The body is able to build up antibodies to the specific antigen related to that disease. An allergy is a state of hypersensitivity to a particular substance with an overreaction of the immune system. An antibody is an immune protein produced by the body in response to a specific antigen. Acquired immunodeficiency is a group of symptoms caused by the transmission of a virus that causes a breakdown in the immune system (like AIDs).
Which of the following is not a function of the reproductive system? Production of gametes Production of eggs Production of sperm Fertilization of 24 pairs of chromosomes
Fertilization of 24 pairs of chromosomes The reproductive system does not fertilize 24 pairs of chromosomes; however, it is responsible for fertilizing 23 pairs of chromosomes. The reproductive system is also responsible for the production of eggs, sperm, and gametes.
Which of the following is the respiratory and digestive system’s common passage for air and food? Larynx Bronchi Pharynx Trachea
Pharynx The pharynx, which is also known as the throat, is the respiratory and digestive systems’ common passage for air and food. The larynx, which is composed of vocal cords, muscle, and cartilage, is the respiratory system’s passageway for air at the top of the trachea. The trachea, which is C-shaped cartilage, is the respiratory system’s windpipe. The bronchi is the respiratory system’s method of carrying air into the smaller branches of bronchioles.
A massage therapist is working with a client who has strained a muscle. The pain the client is having is on the ischial tuberosity which is the origin of this muscle. The client also has pain on the medial aspect of the thigh when he brings his leg closer to midline. Which muscle is involved? Adductor magnus Vastus lateralis Biceps femoris Sartorius
Adductor magnus Several muscles originate on the ischial tuberosity; however, only one muscle is primarily involved in adduction (moving the limb closer to midline) and is located on the medial aspect of the thigh: adductor magnus. When a muscle has been strained, pain will be reproduced on contraction of the muscle, i.e., adduction. Other muscles that also originate on the ischial tuberosity are the semimembranosus, long head of biceps femoris, and semitendinosus. While a portion of the biceps femoris attaches here, it is not a primary mover in adduction and is not located on the medial aspect of the thigh. The sartorius originates on the ASIS and the vastus lateralis originates from various points on the femur including the trochanter and the intertrochanteric line.
Which of the following is not a function of the endocrine system? Produce gametes Maintain homeostasis Emit protein hormones directly into the blood Regulate the metabolic processes
Produce gametes The endocrine system does not produce gametes. Gametes are sex cells that carry out reproduction. Gametes are produced by the body’s reproductive system. The endocrine system’s functions include the regulation of the metabolic processes, the maintenance of homeostasis, and the secretion of protein hormones directly into the blood.
Which is part of the respiratory system that describes the 4-5 inch tube that is the main airway to the lungs? Larynx Pharynx Trachea Diaphragm
Trachea The trachea is the main airway to the lungs. It is a 4-5 inch tube that begins at the glottis and ends at the junction of the two main bronchi, near the level of the sternal notch. The trachea is also called the windpipe. The pharynx is the open space of the throat. The larynx is the voice box. The diaphragm is the dome-shaped sheet of muscle attached to the thoracic wall that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and assists with breathing.
Which nerve roots make up the cervical plexus? C1-C4 C2-C8 C5-T1 L1-S4
C1-C4 The cervical plexus innervates parts of the head and neck and is made up of nerve roots C1-C4. The C5-T1 nerve roots make up the brachial plexus. The L1-S4 nerve roots make up the lumbosacral plexus
An individual’s thyroid can be found: Below the thalamus in the center of the brain Below the thalamus and the hypothalamus in the center of the brain Just above the kidneys Below the larynx in the neck
Below the larynx in the neck An individual’s thyroid can be found below the larynx in the neck. This is important for a massage therapist to know, so that this are is avoided when providing massage. The thyroid functions as part of the endocrine system and regulates metabolism. The hypotha lamus can be found below the thalamus in the center of the brain. The pituitary can be found below the thalamus and the hypothalamus in the center of the brain. Adrenals can be found just above the kidneys.
Which blood vessels are permeable to gases by diffusion? Veins Venuless Arteries Capillaries
Capillaries Capillaries are the blood vessels that are permeable to gases by diffusion. Capillaries connect the arterial and venous systems and are very small, thin blood vessels Venules are smaller blood vessels that branch from veins. Arteries are thick blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. Veins are thin blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart
Which of the following options best identifies the pathway of blood through the heart from the lungs? Pulmonary vein > LA> Mitral valve >LV> Aortic valve > Aorta> Body Vena cava > RV> Tricuspid valve > RA> Pulmonic valve > Pulmonary arteries > Body Vena cava > RA> Tricuspid valve> RV> Pulmonic valve > Pulmonary arteries> Lungs Pulmonary vein > LV> Mitral valve >LA> Aortic valve > Aorta > Lungs
Pulmonary vein> LA Mitral valve > LV> Aortic valve > Aorta >Body The pathway of blood through the heart frobm the lungs is as follows: Pulmonary vein > LA > Mitral valve > LV> Aortic valve > Aorta>Body The pathway of blood through the heart from the body is as follows: Vena cava > RA> Tricuspid valve> RV> Pulmonic valve> Pulmonary arteries > Lungs.
The skeletal system is responsible for the body’s: Communication and control Framework and movement Distribution and elimination Transportation and immunity
Framework and movement The skeletal system is responsible for the body’s framework and movement. It provides attachment points for muscles and ligaments, protects internal organs, stores calcium and other minerals for release into the body as needed, and serves a the production site for red blood cells. The nervous system and endocrine systemn are responsible for the body’s communication and control. The cardiovascular system and blood and the lymphatic system are responsible for the body’s transportation and immunity system. The respiratory system, digestive system, and urinary system are responsible for the body’s distribution and elimination.
Which of the following options is contained within a dorsal cavity? Heart Lungs Reproductive organs Spinal cord
Spinal cord The spinal cord is a part of a dorsal cavity. The heart and lungs are within ventral cavities. Abdominopelvic cavities are the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs.