A & P Chapter 13

Question 1

piece of cartilage that divides the cavity into right and left sides

Answer 1

nasal septum

Question 2

projections on the lateral walls
- increase surface area
- increase air turbulence from the oral cavity

Answer 2

conchae

Question 3

separates nasal cavity from the oral cavity

Answer 3

palate

Question 4

anterior, supported by bone

Answer 4

hard palate

Question 5

posterior, unsupported, muscle

Answer 5

soft palate

Question 6

(throat); muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx

Answer 6

pharynx

Question 7

• lighten the skull
• act as resonance chambers for speech
• produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

Answer 7

functions of the sinuses

Question 8

superior region behind nasal cavity

Answer 8

nasopharynx

Question 9

middle region behind mouth

Answer 9

oropharynx

Question 10

inferior region attached to larynx

Answer 10

laryngopharynx

Question 11

(adenoid); lymphatic tissue located in the nasopharynx

Answer 11

pharyngeal tonsil

Question 12

located in the oropharynx

Answer 12

palatine tonsil

Question 13

found at the base of the tongue

Answer 13

lingual tonsil

Question 14

(voice box); routes air and food into proper channels plays a role in speech

Answer 14

larynx

Question 15

(adam’s apple); largest of the hyaline cartilages protrudes anteriorly

Answer 15

thyroid cartilage

Question 16

protects the superior opening of the larynx

Answer 16

epiglottis

Question 17

(speech); vibrate with expelled air to create sound

Answer 17

vocal folds, true vocal cords

Question 18

slit like opening between vocal cords

Answer 18

glottis

Question 19

(windpipe); connects larynx with bronchi

Answer 19

trachea

Question 20

c-shaped rings, expand when swallow, keep trachea patent open

Answer 20

hyaline cartilage

Question 21

formed by division of the trachea

Answer 21

main (primary) bronchi

Question 22

wider, shorter, and straighter than left, more common site for inhaled foreign objects to become lodged

Answer 22

the right main bronchus

Question 23

space between lungs, houses the heart

Answer 23

mediastinum

Question 24

near the clavicle (superior)

Answer 24

apex

Question 25

rests on the diaphragm (inferior)

Answer 25

base

Question 26

left lung has _ lobes

Answer 26

2

Question 27

right lung has _ lobes

Answer 27

3

Question 28

covers the lung surface

Answer 28

pulmonary or visceral pleura

Question 29

lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

Answer 29

parietal plerua

Question 30

sit of gas exchange = alveoli only

Answer 30

respiratory zone

Question 31

the lungs weigh only about _ lbs. and they are _ and _.

Answer 31

2.5, soft, spongy

Question 32

(dust cells); add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris out of alveoli

Answer 32

alveolar macrophages

Question 33

(a lipid molecule); coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

Answer 33

surfactant

Question 34

(breathing); moving air in and out of the lungs

Answer 34

pulmonary ventilation

Question 35

inhalation, flow of air into lungs

Answer 35

inspiration

Question 36

exhalation, air leaving lungs

Answer 36

expiration

Question 37

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract

Answer 37

inspiratory muscles

Question 38

volume within the lung (increases)

Answer 38

intrapulmonary volume

Question 39

as muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs due to: - decrease in intrapulmonary volume - increase in gas pressure

Answer 39

expiration (exhalation)

Question 40

factors that affect respiratory capacity:

Answer 40

size, sex, age, physical condition

Question 41

normal breathing moves about _ mL of air with each breath, this is _.

Answer 41

500, Tidal Volume (TV)

Question 42

respiratory capacities are measured with a _.

Answer 42

spirometer

Question 43

examples of non-respiratory air movements:

Answer 43

cough & sneeze, crying, laughing. hiccup, yawn

Question 44

cough & sneeze

Answer 44

clears lungs of debris

Question 45

crying

Answer 45

emotionally induced mechanism

Question 46

laughing

Answer 46

similar to crying

Question 47

hiccup

Answer 47

sudden inspirations

Question 48

yawn

Answer 48

very deep inspiration

Question 49

two ways oxygen is transported in blood:

Answer 49

- most O2 travels attached to hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

Question 50

carbon dioxide is transported in plasma as _.

Answer 50

bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

Question 51

activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to and from the brain by _ and _ nerves.

Answer 51

phrenic, intercostal

Question 52

neural centers that control rate and depth are located in the _ and _.

Answer 52

medulla, pons

Question 53

sets basic rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker called the self-exciting inspiratory center

Answer 53

medulla

Question 54

appears to smooth out respiratory rate

Answer 54

pons

Question 55

normal respiratory rate - 12-15 respirations per minute

Answer 55

eupnea

Question 56

increased respiratory rate often due to extra O2 needs

Answer 56

hyperpnea

Question 57

Non-neural factors influencing respiratory rate and depth

Answer 57

chemical factors, hyperventilation, hypoventilation

Question 58

CO2 levels, the body's need to ride itself of CO2 is the most important stimulus

Answer 58

chemical factors

Question 59

- results from increased CO2 in the blood - breathing becomes deeper & more rapid

Answer 59

hyperventilation

Question 60

- results when blood becomes alkaline - extremely slow or shallow breathing

Answer 60

hypoventilation

Question 61

exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Answer 61

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Question 62

features of COPD

Answer 62

- patients almost always have a history of smoking - labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively more severe - coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common - those infected will ultimately develop respiratory failure

Question 63

alveoli enlarge, chronic inflammation

Answer 63

emphysema

Question 64

- accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in US - increased incidence is associated with smoking

Answer 64

lung cancer

Question 65

a fatty molecule made by alveolar cells

Answer 65

surfactant

Question 66

surfactant production is inadequate

Answer 66

infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

Question 67

chronic inflammation hypersensitive bronchiole passages

Answer 67

asthma

Question 68

over secretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system

Answer 68

cystic fibrosis (CF)

Question 69

adults have _ -_ respirations per minute

Answer 69

12-20

Question 70

apparently healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep

Answer 70

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)