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A & P > A & P Chapter 13 > Flashcards

A & P Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

piece of cartilage that divides the cavity into right and left sides

A

nasal septum

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2
Q

projections on the lateral walls
- increase surface area
- increase air turbulence from the oral cavity

A

conchae

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3
Q

separates nasal cavity from the oral cavity

A

palate

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4
Q

anterior, supported by bone

A

hard palate

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5
Q

posterior, unsupported, muscle

A

soft palate

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6
Q

(throat); muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx

A

pharynx

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7
Q
  • lighten the skull
  • act as resonance chambers for speech
  • produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
A

functions of the sinuses

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8
Q

superior region behind nasal cavity

A

nasopharynx

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9
Q

middle region behind mouth

A

oropharynx

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10
Q

inferior region attached to larynx

A

laryngopharynx

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11
Q

(adenoid); lymphatic tissue located in the nasopharynx

A

pharyngeal tonsil

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12
Q

located in the oropharynx

A

palatine tonsil

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13
Q

found at the base of the tongue

A

lingual tonsil

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14
Q

(voice box); routes air and food into proper channels plays a role in speech

A

larynx

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15
Q

(adam’s apple); largest of the hyaline cartilages protrudes anteriorly

A

thyroid cartilage

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16
Q

protects the superior opening of the larynx

A

epiglottis

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17
Q

(speech); vibrate with expelled air to create sound

A

vocal folds, true vocal cords

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18
Q

slit like opening between vocal cords

A

glottis

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19
Q

(windpipe); connects larynx with bronchi

A

trachea

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20
Q

c-shaped rings, expand when swallow, keep trachea patent open

A

hyaline cartilage

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21
Q

formed by division of the trachea

A

main (primary) bronchi

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22
Q

wider, shorter, and straighter than left, more common site for inhaled foreign objects to become lodged

A

the right main bronchus

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23
Q

space between lungs, houses the heart

A

mediastinum

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24
Q

near the clavicle (superior)

A

apex

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25
Q

rests on the diaphragm (inferior)

A

base

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26
Q

left lung has _ lobes

A

2

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27
Q

right lung has _ lobes

A

3

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28
Q

covers the lung surface

A

pulmonary or visceral pleura

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29
Q

lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

A

parietal plerua

30
Q

sit of gas exchange = alveoli only

A

respiratory zone

31
Q

the lungs weigh only about _ lbs. and they are _ and _.

A

2.5, soft, spongy

32
Q

(dust cells); add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris out of alveoli

A

alveolar macrophages

33
Q

(a lipid molecule); coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

A

surfactant

34
Q

(breathing); moving air in and out of the lungs

A

pulmonary ventilation

35
Q

inhalation, flow of air into lungs

A

inspiration

36
Q

exhalation, air leaving lungs

A

expiration

37
Q

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract

A

inspiratory muscles

38
Q

volume within the lung (increases)

A

intrapulmonary volume

39
Q

as muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs due to:
- decrease in intrapulmonary volume
- increase in gas pressure

A

expiration (exhalation)

40
Q

factors that affect respiratory capacity:

A

size, sex, age, physical condition

41
Q

normal breathing moves about _ mL of air with each breath, this is _.

A

500, Tidal Volume (TV)

42
Q

respiratory capacities are measured with a _.

A

spirometer

43
Q

examples of non-respiratory air movements:

A

cough & sneeze, crying, laughing. hiccup, yawn

44
Q

cough & sneeze

A

clears lungs of debris

45
Q

crying

A

emotionally induced mechanism

46
Q

laughing

A

similar to crying

47
Q

hiccup

A

sudden inspirations

48
Q

yawn

A

very deep inspiration

49
Q

two ways oxygen is transported in blood:

A
  • most O2 travels attached to hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
50
Q

carbon dioxide is transported in plasma as _.

A

bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

51
Q

activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to and from the brain by _ and _ nerves.

A

phrenic, intercostal

52
Q

neural centers that control rate and depth are located in the _ and _.

A

medulla, pons

53
Q

sets basic rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker called the self-exciting inspiratory center

A

medulla

54
Q

appears to smooth out respiratory rate

A

pons

55
Q

normal respiratory rate
- 12-15 respirations per minute

A

eupnea

56
Q

increased respiratory rate often due to extra O2 needs

A

hyperpnea

57
Q

Non-neural factors influencing respiratory rate and depth

A

chemical factors, hyperventilation, hypoventilation

58
Q

CO2 levels, the body’s need to ride itself of CO2 is the most important stimulus

A

chemical factors

59
Q
  • results from increased CO2 in the blood
  • breathing becomes deeper & more rapid
A

hyperventilation

60
Q
  • results when blood becomes alkaline
  • extremely slow or shallow breathing
A

hypoventilation

61
Q

exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

62
Q

features of COPD

A
  • patients almost always have a history of smoking
  • labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively more severe
  • coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common
  • those infected will ultimately develop respiratory failure
63
Q

alveoli enlarge, chronic inflammation

A

emphysema

64
Q
  • accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in US
  • increased incidence is associated with smoking
A

lung cancer

65
Q

a fatty molecule made by alveolar cells

A

surfactant

66
Q

surfactant production is inadequate

A

infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

67
Q

chronic inflammation hypersensitive bronchiole passages

A

asthma

68
Q

over secretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system

A

cystic fibrosis (CF)

69
Q

adults have _ -_ respirations per minute

A

12-20

70
Q

apparently healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep

A

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A & P (1 decks)

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