A&P crash course Flashcards
1
Q
anatomical position
A
body is erect and facing forward, with arms at the sides, palms facing forward
2
Q
sagittal plane
A
vertical. Divides a body or organ left and right
3
Q
parasagittal plane
A
plane parallel to the sagittal plane.
4
Q
coronal plane
A
vertical. Divides a body or organ front and back
5
Q
transverse plane
A
divides the body top to bottom
6
Q
axial parts
A
head, neck and body (trunk)
7
Q
appendicular parts
A
arms and legs, connected to the axial parts
8
Q
anterior (or ventral)
A
front of the body
9
Q
posterior (or dorsal)
A
back of the body
10
Q
superior (or cranial)
A
towards the top
11
Q
inferior (or caudial)
A
towards the bottom
12
Q
medial
A
structures toward the midline (of the body)
13
Q
lateral
A
structures further away from the midline (of the body)
14
Q
proximal
A
on limbs, towards the trunk
15
Q
distal
A
on limbs, further from the trunk
16
Q
4 basic tissues
A
nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective
17
Q
what does the nervous tissue do
A
control and communication
18
Q
what does the muscle tissue do
A
movement
19
Q
what does the epithelial tissue do
A
cover and protect the body
20
Q
what does the connective tissue do
A
provide support
21
Q
tissue
A
groups of similar cells that come together to perform a common function
22
Q
father of microbiology
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
23
Q
parts of the neuron
A
cell body (or soma), dendrites, axon
24
Q
neuron “pit crew”
A
glial cells
25
types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
26
skeletal muscle tissue properties. (what does it do. shape of cell. voluntary/involuntary)
pulls on bones and skin to move you. long multinucleate parallel cells, striations. voluntary
27
cardiac muscle tissue properties (description. voluntary/involuntary)
striated, uni-nucleate, intercalated discs. involuntary.
28
smooth tissue properties (location, description, voluntary/involuntary)
lines the insides of blood vessels and hollow organs. lacks striations. short and tapered. involuntary.
29
what is your proper epithelium?
covers and lines your outer and inner body
30
what is your glandular epithelium?
forms your glands, and secretes hormones and other substances
31
where do your epithelial tissues get blood?
they are avascular. they receive blood from the supporting connective tissues
32
basic (3) shapes of epithelial cells
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
33
properties of squamous cells (description, function)
flat, like scales. flat nucleus. fast absorption and diffusion, making thin membranes
34
properties of cuboidal cells (description, function)
tall as they are wide. absorb nutrients, produce secretions (like sweat)
35
properties of columnar cells (description, function)
tall and thick, cushion underlying tissues, elliptical nucleus.produce secretions.
36
basic (3) layering types of epithelial cells
simple, stratified, pseudostratified
37
how do you describe (i.e. verbally) epithelial tissues?
first by naming it's number of layers, then the shape of the cells. (i.e. simple squamous epithelium)
38
epithelial cell are polar. What are the 2 sides called
apical, basal
39
what is the apical side of an epithelial cell
exposed to outside (or internal cavity)
40
what is the basal side of an epithelial cell
tightly attached to basement membrane
41
what is the basement membrane
thin layer of mostly collagen fibers that helps hold the epithelial tissue and helps hold it to the connective tissue.
42
are epithelial cells permeable?
they are selectively permeable. they allow some level of absorption, filtration, and excretion of substances
43
what secretes hormones right into your bloodstream or nearby cells
endocrine gland
44
what secrete their juices into tubes or ducts that lead to the "outside" of the body
exocrine gland
45
(4) types of connective tissues
proper, cartilage, bone, blood
46
6 things connective tissue do for you
```
binding and supporting
protecting
insulating
storing reserve fluid and energy
transporting substances within the body
movement
```
47
where do connective tissue cells originate?
mesenchyme
48
properties of mesenchyme (description, type)
loose and fluid type epithelial tissue
49
(3) overarching properties of connective tissue
originate in mesenchyme
different degrees of vascularity
mostly composed of nonliving material
50
what is the nonliving material of connective tissue called
extracellular matrix
51
(2) components of the extracellular matrix
ground substance and fibers
52
properties of ground substance (description, function, what is it made of)
watery, rubbery, unstructured material that fills in the spaces in-between cells. protects cells from surroundings. mostly starch, protein, and water.
53
name the major protein component of ground substance
proteoglycan
54
what are the starchy strand that sprouts from proteoglycans
glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
55
(3) types of fibers in the extracellular matrix
collagen, elastic, reticular
56
properties of collagen fibers (attribute, popularity)
strongest, most abundant (stronger than steel)
57
properties of elastic fibers (description, attribute, shape)
long and thin, can stretch and coil like rubber bands, form branching frameworks
58
properties of reticular fibers (description, shape and function)
short, finer collagen fibers, extra coating of protein, form sponge-like protective networks for your organs (like fuzzy nets)
59
two phases of connective tissue cells
immature and mature (ending in -blast and -cyte, respectively)
60
properties of blast cells (meaning, function)
means forming. stem cells, still in the process of replicating. secrets the ground substances and fibers that forms its unique, specialized matrix
61
properties of of cyte cells (function)
maintain the health of the matrix created by the blasts. can revert to blast if needed
62
(3) types of connective tissue cells
blast, cyte and immune cells (macrophages, leukocytes)
63
types of proper connective tissues
loose and dense
64
properties of loose connective tissue (made up of, description)
fewer fibers, more cells and ground substance. airy dispersal of fibers.
65
(3) types of loose connective tissue
areolar, adipose, and reticular
66
properties of loose areolar connective tissue (popularity, what type of fibers and how, few/many fibroblasts, is mostly ____)
most common loose connective tissue. loose, random arrangement of (collagen and elastin) fibers, few fibroblast cells, mostly empty space
67
properties of loose adipose connective tissue (is mostly _____ that _____)
mostly cells (adipocytes) that store lipids and insulate the body
68
properties of loose reticular connective tissue (similar to _____ but _____, function)
similar to areolar, but with a reticular fibers -- not collagen and elastin. holds your blood in place inside organs.
69
(3) types of dense connective tissue
regular, irregular, elastic
70
properties of dense regular connective tissue (made up of, description, function)
full of tight bundles of collagen all running parallel. provide resistance to tension in one direction (as in a tendon or ligament)
71
properties of dense irregular connective tissue (made up of, description, function)
full of thicker fibers, arranged erratically. resists tension in many directions (as in under your skin)
72
properties of dense elastic connective tissue (description, example location)
more elastic than rigid, like in between vertebrae.
73
properties of cartilage (made up of, attribute)
comprised of collogan and elastin. stands against tension and compression.
74
(3) types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibro
75
properties of hyaline cartilage (popularity, description, attribute, what is in the ground substance)
most common type. appears glassy, provides pliable support, like in your nose. ground substance is rich with proteoglycans, come collagen fibers (which are hard to see)
76
properties of elastic cartilage (similar to ____ but ____, attributes)
similar to hyaline, but with more elastic fibers (that you can see more clearly). has strength and stretchability like in your ear
77
properties of fibrocartilage (made up of, function)
has thick fibers of collagen. provides shock absorption and withstands pressure, like in your knees.
78
(2) types of bone tissue
spongy and compact
79
properties of spongy bone tissue (location, attribute, function)
found in heads of long bones and inner layers of flat bones. strong but porous, stores marrow
80
properties of compact bone tissue (attribute, function)
dense, stores calcium.
81
properties of blood (as a connective tissue) (what is it's ground substance, what does that have/do, function)
ground substance is plasma (which has protein fibers floating in it, used for clotting), transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste
82
name and function of red blood cell
erythrocyte. carries oxygen and co2
83
name and function of white blood cells
leukocyte. protect against disease and foreign invaders.
84
what is and what is the function of platelets
small cell fragments needed for clotting
85
(8) functions of the integumentary system
protection from the outside, retains fluids, eliminates waste, regulates temperature, blood storage, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, part of immune system
86
(5) parts of the integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, sweat/oil glands, and nerves
87
(5) function of the skin
protects against infections and extreme temperatures, maintains fluid balance, synthesizes vitamin d, senses things
88
(3) layers of the skin
epidermis, dermis, subcutis or hypodermis.
89
the epidermis is made up of __(describe tissue)__, mostly __(this cell)___
stratified squamous epithelial tissue, mostly keratinocytes
90
properties of the dermis (function, made up of, what "extra bits" does it have)
most of the "work" gets done here (sweating, blood circulation, feeling etc). has many collagen and elastin fibers (that keeps your skin strong and elastic), full of capillaries and blood vessels and nerve fibers. contains hair follicles and oil/sweat glands
91
properties of subcutis/hypodermis. (made up of, [4] functions)
mostly comprised of adipose tissue. provides insulation, energy storage, shock absorption, and helps anchor the skin.
92
layers of the epidermis (latin please)
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (thick skin only), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
93
(4) types of epidermal cells
keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans/dermal cells, and merkel cells
94
properties of keratinocytes (shape, makes, life cycle)
squamous cell, the building block of the tough, fibrous protein keratin. are dying and being replaced constantly.
95
properties of melanocyte (location, _____ shape, function)
in skin. spider-like shape, synthesizes melanin. has two forms that synthesize different colors.
96
properties of langerhans cells (location, _____ shape/description, function)
in skin. star-shaped with long skinny tendrils that weave around keratinocytes ingests unwanted invaders.
97
properties of merkel cells (location, function)
found in the basal epidermal layer. combine with nerve endings to create a sensory receptor for touch.
98
properties of the stratum corneum (latin for, description)
horny layer. outermost and roughest. made up of 20-30 sheets of dead keratinocytes
99
properties of the stratum lucidum (latin for, made up of, bonus points)
clear layer. two or three layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes. only found in thick skin
100
properties of the stratum granulosum (latin for, made up of)
granular layer. contains living keratinocytes
101
properties of the stratum spinosum (latin for, description)
spiny layer. looks spiky when dried out on slides.
102
properties of the stratum basale (latin for, description/location, made up of, what happens here, what else does it do)
basal layer. deepest and thinnest epidermal layer. contains a single layer of columnar cells, much new cell production occurs here. connects the epidermis to the dermis.
103
(2) layers of the dermis
papillary layer, reticular layer
104
properties of the papillary layer of the dermis (made up of ___ with ____, bonus function in thick skin)
thin sheet of areolar connective tissue with peg-like projections called dermal. in thick skin forms friction ridges (fingerprints)
105
properties of the reticular layer of dermis (what %, made up of, what's there? bonus points)
makes up 80% of the dermis. dense, irregular connective tissue. all the things are there (blood vessels, capillaries, nerves, hair follicles, etc). tattoos live here.
106
what are the peg-like projections in the papillary dermal layer called
papillae
107
what receives stimuli from the outside environment
cutaneous sensory receptors, or corpuscles
108
what do corpuscles do? where are they?
register all of the different sensations associated with touch. your dermis
109
what senses "touch"?
tactile corpuscles
110
what senses "pressure"?
lamellar corpuscle
111
what percent of your blood volume is retained in your skin at any given time?
5%
112
(2) types of perspiration
insensible and sensible
113
what is blue skin called? what might be the causes? why?
cyanosis. heart failure, poor circulation, severe respiratory issues. blood depleted of oxygen is bluish
114
what is yellow skin called? what might be the causes? why?
jaundice. liver disorder. bile starts accumulating in the blood stream
115
what is red skin called? what might be the causes? why/
erythema. fever, inflammation, or allergy. blood vessels expanded and allow more blood to flow to the surface.
116
how do we get vitamin d?
your skin cells contain a molecule converts to vitamin d when it comes into contact with UV light. it goes to liver and kidneys via the bloodstream, where it becomes activated D (or calcitriol) and is then circulated to your bones.
117
what are your (4) skin appendages
hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
118
the outermost layer of your hair and nails is called your_____ and shaped like ____ ____
cuticle, roof shingles
119
two main regions of your hair
the shaft and the root
120
what are the properties of the shaft of a hair?
the keratinization is complete, outside the follicle
121
what are the properties of the root of a hair?
the keratinization is still happening, inside the follicle
122
what's another word for sweat gland? how many do you have? what types are there?
sudoriferous gland. three million. eccrine and apocrine
123
properties of eccrine glands (popularity, location, description)
more abundant. in your palms, forehead foot soles. simple coiled tubes that start in the dermis and extend through a duct, and open into a pore.
124
properties of apocrine gland (popularity, location, what does is secrete?)
only about 2000. empty into hair follicles around armpits and groin. secrete sweat with fats and proteins in it.
125
what secrets milk?
mammary glands
126
what secrets earwax?
ceruminous glands
127
what's another word for oil gland? what are it's properties (location, size, function)?
sebaceous gland. found everywhere but the thick skin. smaller on your limbs but bigger on your face, neck and upper chest. secrets sebum into hair follicles where it then travels to the surface of your skin.
128
(3) principle functions of the nervous system
sensory input, integration, and motor output
129
(2) main parts of the nervous system
central and peripheral
130
what is your central nervous system? what is it responsible for?
main control center--brain and spinal cord. Integrating sensory information from the PNS, and coordinating both conscious and unconscious activity
131
what is your peripheral nervous system
all the nerves that branch off from the brain and spine, that allows your central nervous system to communicate with the rest of your body, and your brain to be in touch with the the physical environment
132
(2) basic divisions of the peripheral nervous system
sensory division, and motor division
133
properties of sensory division (of pns) (attribute, function, shape)
afferent (picks up sensory stimuli). transmits impulses from sensory receptor towards CNS. mostly unipolar.
134
properties of motor division (of pns) (attribute, shape)
efferent (sends directions from your brain to muscles and glands) mostly multipolar.
135
the motor division (of the pns) can be divided into...(2)
the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
136
properties of the somatic nervous system (voluntary/involuntary, rules your___)
voluntary. rules your skeletal muscle movement
137
properties of the autonomic nervous system (voluntary/involuntary, rules your ____)
involuntary. heart, lungs, stomach, etc
138
the autonomic nervous system can be divided into...(2)
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
139
properties of the sympathetic nervous system (function)
prepares the body for intense physical activity (fight or flight)
140
properties of the parasympathetic nervous system (function)
relaxes the body and inhibits or slows many high energy functions (rest and digest)
141
(2) types of neural tissue cells
neurons and neuroglia/glial cells
142
properties of glial cells (function, popularity)
provide support, nutrition, insulation and help with signal transmission. outnumber neurons 10 to 1
143
(4) types of glial cells in the central nervous system
astrocyte, microglial cells, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes
144
properties of astrocytes (function, popularity)
CNS support, regulate ions, exchanges materials between neurons and capillaries. most abundant and versatile glial cell
145
properties of microglial cells (description, function)
thorny looking, CNS immune defense against invading microorganisms
146
properties of ependymal cells (location, function)
CNS line cavities in the brain and spinal cord. create, secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
147
properties of oligodendrocytes (function)
CNS wrap and insulate, form the myelin sheath
148
what is the name of the insulation glial cells form on neurons
myelin sheath
149
(2) types of glial cells in the peripheral nervous system
satellite cells and schwann cells
150
properties of satellite cells (function)
PNS similar to astrocytes, surround neuron cell bodies
151
properties of schwann cells (function)
PNS similar to oligodendrocytes, insulate, help for the myelin sheath
152
what percent of your calories you take in are consumed by brain activity?
~25%
| !
153
what is a "process" in this (A&P) context?
a projecting part of an organic structure
154
what (3) shapes do neurons come in?
multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar
155
properties of multipolar neurons (popularity, shape)
99% of neurons. have three or more processes, including one axon and many dendrites
156
properties of bipolar neurons (popularity, shape)
pretty rare and specialized, for example in your retina. have two processes, and axon and a single dendrite, extending from opposite sides of the soma.
157
properties of unipolar neurons (shape, location)
have just one process. mostly found in the sensory receptors
158
what are the most abundant neurons? what do they do?
interneurons (or association neurons). transmit impulses between sensory and motor neurons. mostly multipolar
159
what is the action potential
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle or nerve cell
160
when a neuron is at rest, the inside of the neuron is _____ relative to the outside
negative
| which means it's polarized
161
define voltage. what do we call it in this context?
the measure of potential energy generated by separate charges. "Membrane potential"
162
define current
the flow of electricity from one point to another. current = voltage / resistance
163
what is the resting membrane potential in mV
-70 mV
164
what is the sodium-potasium pump responsible for?
maintaining the large excess of Na+ outside the cell and the large excess of K+ ions on the inside.
It pushes these ions "up hill", against the concentration gradient.
165
what is an ion channel
a large protein that can provide passage across a cell membrane when it is open
166
(3) types of ion channels
voltage-gated
ligened-gated
mechanically-gated (for example, the sense of touch is related to these)
167
at what membrane potential do voltage-gated sodium ion channels open?
-55 mV
168
(in nerves) what does a physical stimulus cause to open? what does that do?
mechanically-gated sodium-ion channels. this causes sodiums to rush into the cell--thereby lowering the membrane potential (i.e. bringing it closer to 0)
169
if not enough mechanical sodium ion channels, open, what happens? What does the membrane potential have to reach for it to happen
it just evens out again. -55 mV
170
during an action potential, where does the depolorization (generally) end?
+40 mV
171
when do voltage-gated potassium-ion channels open?
during re-polarization
172
which direction do potassium ions flow through the channels during action potential? why?
they flow out because during this state because they are positively charged and so is the inside of the cell
173
what is hyperpolarization?
when the membrane potential overshoots it's repolarazation past the resting membrane potentail. Around -75 mV
174
what is the refractory period
when all the ion gates of a neuron are open, it can't respond to any other stimulus, no matter how strong.
175
what is conduction velocity?
the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway. faster in your reflexes, for example, slower in, for example, your heart.
176
why does Na+ continue to enter the cell even after the membrane potential has become zero? (during depolarization)
because the concentration gradient is so strong, by a factor of 10
177
how is conduction velocity effected by the presence of a mylian sheath on an axon?
the conduction velocity is faster, as signals can propagate across the gaps. This is called saltatory conduction.
178
what are the gaps in mylianated axons called?
Nodes of Ranvier
179
a synapse is either ____ or ____
electrical or chemical
180
synapses are able to _________ in response to neuron firing patterns
change and adapt---strengthen or weaken
181
electrical synapses are like (mass text / personal call)
mass texts to literally everyone
182
where do we find electrical synapses
places like the heart
183
chemical synapses are ______ and _____ than electrical
more selective, and slower
184
what is the space between one neuron and the other neuron's synapse called
synaptic cleft
185
what is (nerve) potentiation
the strengthening of a synapse, for example through classic conditioning
186
what is (nerve) habituation
when a synapse decreases it's response to a common stimulus
187
what is (nerve) sensitization
when a reaction to one stimulus causes other synapses to be more sensitive to reactions
188
what holds any given neuro transmitter inside the presynaptic terminal
the synaptic vesicle
189
what is the area on a neuron called that receives the neurotransmitter across a chemical synapse
receptor region
190
what ion channel opens at the end of a presynaptic terminal. what type of gate is it?
calcium (positive), electric
191
what are the possible reactions to a given neurotransmitter
excitation or inhibition
192
what happens during an Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential?
depolarization. it makes an action potential more likely
193
what happens during an Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential?
hyperpolarization. it makes an action potential less likely
194
the likelihood of a post-synapitic neuron developing an action potential depends on...
...the sum of all the excitations and inhibitions in that area
195
how long do neurotransmitters stay bonded to the their receptors?
a few milliseconds
196
what is a central pattern generator?
groups of neurons in your spinal cord that are capable of generating complex patterns of muscle activation--without input from the brain--necessary for learned and practiced activities like walking and running
197
what are meninges? name them (3)
protective membrane layers around the brain. Dura matter, arachnoid, pia matter
198
how does the CNS start off, in the embryo?
a neural tube
199
what are the 3 main components of the brainstem
the midbrain, the pons and the medulla oblongata.
200
what does the brain stem regulate
basic, vital involuntary functions (i.e. heart pace, lungs, sleep and appetite etc)
201
what does your midbrain control
higher-level functions, where you react without thinking (like when you track a fast moving object, or look to were a noise happens)
202
what are (4) things you find in the diancephalon?
the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and the mammillary bodies
203
what does the diancephalon regulate?
things like homeostasis, alertness, and reproductive activity, and part of the limbic system
204
what happens in the limbic system?
where we have strong emotions, like fear. aka reptilian brain
205
what is the cerebrum made up of?
"gray matter" or cerebral cortex on the outside, and "white matter" on the inside
206
what does the cerebrum regulate?
our voluntary movements and other higher functions like thinking, learning, regulating emotions, etc
207
what are the ridges in your brain called
gyri
208
what are the large grooves in your brain called
sulci
209
what connects the two hemispheres of the brain?
the corpus callosum
210
what are the hemispheres of the brain divided into?
lobes
211
what does the frontal lobe govern?
muscle movement, speech, motor skills and cognitive functions like concentration and preventing socially unacceptable behaviors
212
what does the occipital lobe govern?
processing visual cues
213
what does the parietal lobe govern?
processing the sensations of touch, pain and pressure
214
what does the temporal lobe govern?
processing auditory information (including language)
215
what is wernicke's area associated with?
the production of written and spoken language--in the temporal lobe
216
what does the hippocampus do?
keep short-term memory
217
what does the amygdala control
social and sexual behavior
218
what is in the PNS that allows it to "see" what is going on
sensory nerve receptors (thermorecptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors)
219
where in your PNS does the signal of a stimulus get's "decoded" and kicked over to the motor division?
integrations centers
220
what is an effector?
any structure that receives and reacts to a motor neuron's signal (like a muscle contracting or a gland secreting a hormone)
221
what are the steps of a reflex arc?
1) receptor senses a stimulus
2) sensory neuron transmits signal up the PNS to the CNS
3) integration center decodes the signal
4) motor neuron sends directions back to the site of the stimulus
5) effector cells respond
222
what is a muscle or tendon spindle?
receptors that specifically sense stretching
223
what are the (3) main differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
1) location of origin of nerurons== sympathetic is thoracolumbar and parasympathetic is craniosacral.
2) relative lengths of nerve fibers==sympathetic have long preganglionic and short post, parasympathetic vice versa
3) location of gangila==sympathetic close to origin (spine), parasympathetic close to effectors
224
how many neurons does your autonomic require to work
two
225
what is a ganglion
a cluster of neuron cell bodies that house millions of synapses
226
about how many hormones does a human have
50
227
what makes a particular substance a hormone or a neurotransmitter
neurotransmitters are released from neurons across synapses, and hormones are released from glands into the bloodstream
228
what is acetylcholine
the "coin of the realm" for your nervous system.
229
what is *always* released from postganglionic fibers in the SNS?
norepinephrine
230
what is released by preganglionic fibers?
ACh
231
what receptor allows smooth muscle cells to contract
alpha receptor
232
what receptor allows smooth muscle cells to relax
beta receptor
233
which is generally (in your day to day life) stronger, your sympathetic or parasympathetic tone?
parasympathetic
234
define transduction
when our sensory cells translate chemical, electromagnetic, or mechanical stimuli into action potentials that our nervous system can make sense of
235
what is your olfactory system's main organ?
the olfactory epithelium
236
where is the olfactory epithelium located
the roof of your nasal cavity
237
what do airborne particles have to do before they bind to receptors on your olfactory sensory neurons?
be absorbed into the mucus there
238
where is the ethmoid bone?
between your olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb
239
what is the spherical structure located in the olfactory bulb of the brain where synapses form between the terminals of the olfactory nerve and other cells
the glomerulus
240
about how many smells can we smell?
about 10,000
241
where are your taste buds located on your tongue
down between your fungiform papillae, in stratified squamous epithelial cells
242
about how many taste receptor epithelial cells does each taste bud have?
50-100
243
what are the two types of taste bud cells are there?
gustatory and basal. One to do the tasting, one to be ready to replace them when they dies. (like the Immortals)
244
what is a gustatory hair? what does it do?
a threadlike protrusion that runs from the taste bud into the taste pore and it mingles with the molecules of food in the saliva
245
what's the outside part of the ear (that you can see) called?
the pinna or auricle
246
what's the part of the ear that funnels sound to the eardrum called?
the external acoustic meatus
247
what's the inner ear also called? What's it's main job? why does it have to do that?
the tympanic cavity. to amplify sound waves. because your inner ear has a fluid sound waves have to pass through
248
name the (3) auditory ossicles
the malleus, the incus, and the stapes (the hammer, anvil and stirrup)
249
what is the membrane between the middle and inner ear called?
the superior oval window
250
what are the two labyrinths in the ear?
the bony and the membranous
251
what are the three main chambers of the colchea?
the scala vestibuli, the scala media and the scala tympani
252
what's the stiff band of tissue that runs between the scala media and tympani in your ear called?
the basilar membrane
253
how does the basilar membrane "read" different frequencies?
it has different length fibers that run it's whole length
254
what is the receptor organ for hearing located in the cochlea called?
the organ of Corti
255
what is the vastibular system?
a portion of the membraneous labryinth in the ear that is a collection of sacs and canals
256
what are the names of the two sacs in your inner ear that help you dectect movement? They are connected to the semi-circle, fluid filled canals
the urtricle and the saccule
257
what percent of all the sensory receptors in your body are in your eyes?
~70%
258
what is the outermost layer of your eyeball called? (two things)
most of it is the sclera (which is white), but the cornea is there too (which is transparent)
259
what is the choroid?
the vascular layer in the eye that supplies everything with blood
260
what is the ring of muscle tissue that surrounds the lens of the eye
cilicary body
261
what is the iris of the eye made up of (type of muscle)
smooth
262
what are the two layers of the retina. what do they do?
the outer (i.e. closer to the inside) pigmented layer to help absorb light, and the neural layer
263
what (3) things does the neural layer of the eyeball have?
photoreceptors, ganglion neurons, and bipolar neurons
264
how are rod cells in your eye arranged?
in a single ganglion cell of up to 100 rods that are wired up as a single unit
265
how many cone cells are wired up to a ganglion in your eye?
one per
266
term for blood cell production
hematopoiesis
267
the average human body has ___ bones
206
268
we can divide bones up into two main groups, ___ and ___
axial and appendicular
269
about how many axial bones are there?
80
270
the axial bones can be divided into three groups, the ___, ___, and ____
skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
271
the appendicular bones can be divided into three groups, the ___, ___, and ____
shoulder blades, pelvis, and limbs
272
what are the 4 shapes of bones
long, short, flat, and irregular
273
bones have two main portions, ____ bone and ____ bone
compact and spongy
274
what are the tiny cross-hatching supports of spongy bone called?
trabeculae
275
where in the bone do you find the marrow?
the spongy part
276
what two colors does bone marrow come in?
yellow and red
277
what does red marrow do?
produce blood cells
278
what does yellow marrow do?
stores energy as fat
279
what's the knobby thing on the ends of long bones called? What's the straight bit called?
epiphyses and diaphysis
280
what are the cylindrical, weight-bearing structures that run parallel to the bone's axis called?
osteons
281
what are the concentric ring, tree ring like tubes that make up an osteon called? what kind of fibers do they have in them?
lamellae, and collagen fibers
282
what do you find in the central canals of osteons?
nerves and blood vessels
283
what is between the lamellae of the osteons in your bones? what lives there?
lacunae, and osteocytes
284
what are osteocytes, and what do they do?
they are mature bone cells and they monitor and maintain your bone matrix, they "command" the osteoblasts and osteoclasts
285
osteoblasts and osteoclasts--which does what?
osteoblasts are bone makers, osteoclasts are bone breakers
286
what two factors go into describing a joint
structural and functional
287
what is a non-moving joint called?
synarthrosis
288
what are partly-moving joints called?
amphiarthrosis
289
what are fully-movable joints called?
diarthroses
290
what are the three structural classifications of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
291
name the 6 types of movements synovial joints can do?
plane, hinge, condylar, pivot, ball-and-socket, and saddle
292
what are the six types of angular movements you can do?
flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
293
what is flexion
it decreases the angle of the joint, and brings the bones closer together
294
what is extension
it increases the angle of the joint and brings the bones farther apart
295
what is abduction
motion of a structure away from the midline
296
what is adduction
motion of a structure towards the midline
297
what is circumduction
a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. It's a conical movement, like when you're really into a fist pump
298
what are the two protein strands that bond to create muscle movement
actin and myosin
299
how many skeletal muscles do you have?
640
300
each muscle has it's on ____, ___, and ____
nerve, artery and vein
301
muscle fibers are made up of _____(10's 100's 1000's 10,000') of parallel threads called ____
1000's, myofibrils
302
muscle fibers are the basic ___ of your muscles, with ___, ____, and a membrane called a _____
cell, mitochondria, multiple nuclei, and sarcolemma
303
muscle fibers bunch together to form what?
fascicles
304
muscle fascicles combine to form
the muscle organ itself
305
the supportive sheaths of connective tissue in your muscle are called, from inside to outside, ___, ___, and ___
endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium
306
what are the two rules of proteins?
1) proteins like to change shape when stuff binds to them, and 2) changing shapes can allow proteins to bind or unbind with other stuff
307
what are the lengthwise divisions of myofibrils called?
sarcomeres
308
In your muscles, on a basic level, ____ protein strands
| are light and twisty, and ____ strands are thicker and lumpy-looking
actin, myosin
309
what are sarsomeres seperated by?
a z-line
310
at rest, actin and myosin (are/are not) touching
are not
311
(actin/myosin) really, really wants to get all up close and personal with (actin/myosin)
myosin, actin
312
actin and myosin bonding and releasing makes the what model of muscle contraction
the sliding filament model
313
what protects/blocks the protein actin?
the proteins tropomyosin and troponin
314
what can make the actin's "bodyguard" proteins chill out a bit
ATP and calcium
315
what is the membranous structure found within muscle cells? what is it's job?
sarcoplasmic reticulum, and to store calcium ions
316
what ion does troponin love to bind with?
calcium
317
what does a myosin have to do before it is ready to bind with actin?
have broken an ATP into ADP + phosphate and be hanging onto that energy so it's all stretched out
318
what happens once the myosin finally binds with the actin?
it releases the stored energy from breaking down the ATP (and shrinks) and then releases the ADP + phosphate (because rule 2: changing shapes can allow proteins to bind or unbind with stuff)
319
what happens when ATP binds with myosin that already is bound to an actin strand?
it unbinds with the actin
320
what happens to the calcium that bonded with the troponin?
the calcium pumps pull it back out again
321
what happens when the troponin protein binds with calcium?
it pulls the tropomyosin away from blocking the actin
