A&P Exam 2

Question 1

What do phospholipids make up?

Answer 1

Cell Membranes

Question 2

What is the difference between a phospholipid and a triglyceride?

Answer 2

triglycerides have 3 fatty acids and phospholipids have 2, with one polar group

Question 3

Are triglycerides soluble in water?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

are the phospholipids’ heads and tail hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 4

the head is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic

Question 5

what is the backbone of triglycerides and phospholipids?

Answer 5

glycerol

Question 6

what are the tails of phospholipids made of?

Answer 6

the two non-polar fatty acids

Question 7

what happens when you put phospholipids into water?

Answer 7

the tails face other tails and the heads point out towards the water

Question 8

what is the head of a phospholipid?

Answer 8

the charged polar group

Question 9

what do phospholipids form in a watery environment?

Answer 9

phospholipid bilayer

Question 10

what forms hydrogen bonds in phospholipids?

Answer 10

when an area of a molecule is attracted to another area of a molecule, but it does not hold molecules together

Question 11

what makes up most of the structure of cell membranes in phospholipids?

Answer 11

the phospholipid bilayer

Question 12

what are the different types of lipids?

Answer 12

triglycerides, phospholipids, glycerol, steroids, carotenes, vitamin A, E & K, eicosanoids, lipoproteins

Question 13

how many fatty acids do glycerol molecules have?

Answer 13

2

Question 14

what is the head and tail of glycerol molecules?

Answer 14

the head is the polar group & the tail is the 2 non-polar groups

Question 15

what are different types of steroids?

Answer 15

cholesterol, sex hormones, cortisol, bile salts & vitamin D

Question 16

how are steroids & triglycerides the same?

Answer 16

they are both non-polar & fat soluble

Question 17

what are phospholipids soluble to?

Answer 17

water & lipid

Question 18

what makes one steroid different from another?

Answer 18

there are numerous places where carbon atoms can attach to a steroid, its what & where they attach that makes them different

Question 19

are steroids fat or water soluble?

Answer 19

fat soluble

Question 20

what are the 2 principle subclasses of eicosanoids?

Answer 20

prostaglandins & leukotrienes

Question 21

what happens to excess carbohydrates, proteins & fats?

Answer 21

they get converted into triglycerides & get stored into adipose cells since storage of fat is virtually unlimited

Question 22

what are the functions of proteins?

Answer 22

they are structural, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transportive & catalytic

Question 23

what makes proteins structural?

Answer 23

collagen

Question 24

what makes proteins regulatory?

Answer 24

they regulate physiological processes such as growth, nervous responses & hormones

Question 25

what makes proteins contractile?

Answer 25

muscles

Question 26

what is an example of a transportive protein?

Answer 26

hemoglobin

Question 27

proteins always contain _____ ?

Answer 27

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen

Question 28

what are proteins made up of?

Answer 28

amino acids (there are about 20+)

Question 29

what determines the sequence of amino acids?

Answer 29

specific proteins

Question 30

what is the structure of each amino acid?

Answer 30

a central carbon, an amino group, a carboxyl amino group & side chain (R group)

Question 31

what does the R group do?

Answer 31

makes one amino acid different for another

Question 32

what are the covalent bonds that joins amino acids in proteins?

Answer 32

peptide bonds (dipeptides, tripeptides & polypeptides)

Question 33

what is special about proteins?

Answer 33

there is a huge number of possible protein combinations & a protein may have one to several polypeptide chains

Question 34

what are the levels of organization in proteins?

Answer 34

the primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure & quaternary structure

Question 35

what is the primary sequence of proteins?

Answer 35

sequence of amino acids (what amino acids there are & in what order)

Question 36

what is the secondary structure of proteins?

Answer 36

repeated twisting & folding of the polypeptide chain

Question 37

what is the tertiary structure of proteins?

Answer 37

3-dimensional structure where the chain will bend around & form a shape (where they connect is important)

Question 38

what is the quaternary structure of proteins?

Answer 38

only used if there are more than one polypeptide chain; this creates more shape, variations in structure lead to different functions

Question 39

why is shape so important in proteins?

Answer 39

if a protein unravels or loses its shape it will lose its function

Question 40

what causes proteins to lose shape?

Answer 40

change in pH & temperature

Question 41

what is one class of proteins?

Answer 41

enzymes

Question 42

what do enzymes do?

Answer 42

speed up a lot of bodily chemical reactions in the body; they are catalysts

Question 43

enzymes are _____?

Answer 43

specific, efficient & controlled

Question 44

how are enzymes specific?

Answer 44

they have specific active sites (ex. lock & key); they will affect one kind of chemical reaction per enzyme

Question 45

how are enzymes efficient?

Answer 45

they make reaction 100 million to 10 billion times more rapid

Question 46

how are enzymes controlled?

Answer 46

cells can inhibit enzymes or add & subtract cofactors or coenzymes which allows them to function

Question 47

what do nucleic acids contain?

Answer 47

huge molecules of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen & phosphorus

Question 48

what are 2 types of nucleic acids?

Answer 48

DNA & RNA

Question 49

what does DNA form?

Answer 49

our genetic code (genes)

Question 50

what do genes determine?

Answer 50

the traits we inherit

Question 51

what is the structure of DNA?

Answer 51

a twister ladder (double helix)

Question 52

what are the sides (rungs) of the twisted ladder made of?

Answer 52

alternating units of deoxyribose (a pentose sugar) & a phosphate group (of phosphorus & oxygen) containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen

Question 53

what are the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA?

Answer 53

adenine, thymine, cytosine & guanine

Question 54

what are the specific partners (on the rungs of ladders) of nitrogenous bases?

Answer 54

adenine & thymine and cytosine & guanine

Question 55

what is RNA?

Answer 55

ribonucleic acid

Question 56

what is DNA?

Answer 56

deoxyribose nucleic acids

Question 57

what does RNA do?

Answer 57

guides the formation of proteins for cells by using instructions received from DNA (the same directions used for assembling amino acids into proteins)

Question 58

is RNA double stranded or single stranded?

Answer 58

single stranded (one side of the ladder)

Question 59

what makes up the side of the ladder in RNA?

Answer 59

ribose

Question 60

how is RNA different from DNA?

Answer 60

RNA uses the sugar ribose instead deoxyribose, it is single stranded not double stranded & has uracil instead of thymine

Question 61

what does adenine pair with in RNA?

Answer 61

uracil

Question 62

does DNA make RNA?

Answer 62

yes

Question 63

what is it called when DNA copies itself?

Answer 63

replication

Question 64

how does DNA replication happen?

Answer 64

unzipping the hydrogen bonds in the middle of the ladder, forming 2 different partial DNA strands of each side of the ladder

Question 65

what is ATP?

Answer 65

adenosine triphosphate

Question 66

what does ATP do?

Answer 66

provide energy for cellular activities

Question 67

what is ATP made up of?

Answer 67

adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups

Question 68

what happens when ATP is broken down?

Answer 68

it releases energy for cells to use

Question 69

what does ATP break down into?

Answer 69

adenosine diphosphate + phosphorous + energy

Question 70

what does breaking chemical bonds do?

Answer 70

release energy

Question 71

can ATP be created or removed?

Answer 71

both, which requires energy

Question 72

what helps to make ATP?

Answer 72

the breakdown of glucose

Question 73

what is the breakdown of glucose called?

Answer 73

cellular respiration

Question 74

what is cellular respiration?

Answer 74

making ATP

Question 75

what are the 2 phases of cellular respiration

Answer 75

anaerobic respiration & aerobic respiration

Question 75

what are the 2 phases of cellular respiration

Answer 75

anaerobic respiration & aerobic respiration

Question 76

where do you find nucleic acids?

Answer 76

in the cell nuclei

Question 77

what is the place where nitrogenous bases meet?

Answer 77

hydrogen bonds