A&P Exam #2 Flashcards

Question

What decreases as you move away from the heart?

Answer 1

Pulse pressure, MAP, and elastic recoil

Answer 2

35-17 mmHg

Answer 3

-capillary walls are fragile and permeable -greater pressure creates too much filtration

Answer 4

-muscular pump -Respiratory pump -SNS Venoconstriction

Answer 5

muscle contracts and moves blood

Answer 6

-inhale= air into lungs and blood into heart

Answer 7

-decrease vol. of blood in the venous system -increase heart flow to the heart

Answer 8

-increased resistance from increased constriction and thus afterload -increased Cardiac Output= increased stroke volume and HR and SNS

Answer 9

1. Short Term= Neural and Hormonal 2.Long term= renal

Answer 10

1.stretch decreases 2. decrease firing of CN 9 & 10= increase SNS & decreased SNS 3. Increase Stroke Volume 4. Increase Contractility 5. Increase Heart Rate 6. Increase Venous Constriction= more blood return 7. Increase arteriole constriction

Answer 11

-increase CO -Increase Resistance

Answer 12

-Found: internal carotid sinus and aortic arch 1. Sends signals of stretch to cardio inhibitory center (solitary nucleus) 2. Sends back PSNS Response -Less HR -Less contractility 3. Send Signals back SNS -Cardiac Center -To sympathetic trunk ganglia→ more heart rate,more contractillity -Vasocconstrict blood vessels Tells kidneys (RAAS)

Answer 13

When baroreceptors acclimate to high bp

Answer 14

-turns of SNS -decrease HR -decrease contractility -dilate aerials= decrease resistance -dilates veins for quick venous returns

Answer 15

-see if there is low O2, low Ph, or to much CO2 -Increases HR and release of CO2 -Increases vasoconstriction -Increases resistance= greater MAP

Answer 16

1. paracrine 2.Endocrine

Answer 17

-match blood flow to metabolic needs of tissue

Answer 18

1.NE & Epinephrine 2.Angiotension II 3.Antidiretic Hormone 4. Atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer 19

-increase HR and vasoconstriction= greater CO -adrenal

Answer 20

-vasoconstriction= increase BP -kidneys

Answer 21

-Retain H2o= increase Blood vol. And rate -pituitary

Answer 22

= decrease BP and volume -heart

Answer 23

-Kidney controls BV -Directly filters and reabsorbs water -Indirectly via hormones

Answer 24

-necessary for delivering O2/nutrients -remove CO2 and waste

Answer 25

-Outside organs -SNS→constriction→less BF and maintains BP (hormones can effect)

Answer 26

1.Autoregulation 2.metabolic Factors 3.Endothelial Factors 4.Inflamatory Chemicals 5. Myogenic Control

Answer 27

-perfusion matched to tissue requirements -Local conditions change in arterial resistance (diameter)

Answer 28

-Decrease in O2, increase K, increase H = decrease pH→ vasodilation

Answer 29

2 Things must be in balance: A. Nitric Oxide -Powerful vasodilator B. Endothelians -vasoconstrictor

Answer 30

Chemicals cause Vasodilation of BV’s

Answer 31

-SM stretched= contracts= less BF -SM relaxed= increase BF= maintain BF when dialated

Answer 32

-SKM= arterioles dilate (metabolic) -Less BP → extrinsic SNS increases→ BV constriction → Decrease BV to guts/ kidneys -Organs: BRAIN- same heart= increase (BV dilate) sKm= increase ( increase more to slow skin = increase(vasodilation to release heat) kidneys= decrease (SNS) Abdomen= decrease (SNS) other= decrease (SNS)

Answer 33

-Blood brings O2, nutrients, removes CO2 and water 1. Solutes: -diffusion= net mvmt hi → low→ co2, O2, fat, glucose, ions, ect. -Active Transport= transcytoses of select lg. -Molecules (proteins) 2. Water: (bulk flow) -Hydrostatic P.= pressure exerted by fluid on wall -Push h2o out, Leaves proteins and cells= filtration -Coloid Osmotic P -Created by proteins and large molecules -Pulls water in

Answer 34

-Hydrosti P= 35 mmHg -Coloid Osmotic P= -25 mmHg (negative= moving in opposite direction) -Net filtration P= H-C= NF -NF=10 mmHg= water benign pushed out

Answer 35

-HP= 17 mm HG -COP= -25 mm HG -NFP= - 88 mm Hg

Answer 36

1. Ingestion-taking it in 2.Mechanical Breakdown= chewing 3.Propulsion=swallowing and peristalsis 4.Digestion= catabolic enzyme breaks food down 5.Absorption=end products -->blood or lymph 6.Defecation=eliminate indigestible substances

Answer 37

1.Ingestion 2. Mechanical Breakdown - mastication - tongue mixing -control voluntary and stretch receptors 3.Chemical Digestion -salivary amylase - lingual lipase 4. propulsion (deglutition) -tongue compacts bolus and goes into oropharynx - nasopharynx blocked by soft palate -larynx rises, epiglottis covers glottis, and breathing stops -upper esophagus relaxes - bolus moved by peristalsis contractions (8 sec.) -

Answer 38

-Stratified squamous epithelium -Muscular Externa→skeletal→smooth muscle

Answer 39

moves food

Answer 40

1. Propulsion- - moves food from oral cavity in the stomach - Lubrication from glands in submucosa 2. Gastroesophageal Sphincter: -Open when contracts 3.Pyloric Sphincter -Controls stomach emptying into duodenum

Answer 41

1. Fundus 2. Body 3.Cardia

Answer 42

From Gastric Glands: 1.Parietal Cells 2.Chief Cells 3.Enteroendocrine Cells

Answer 43

-pumps H+ into lumen -H+ joins with calcium and HCL -HCL= 1.35-3.5 -HCL denatures proteins, kills bacteria, activates pepsin -intrinsic factor and regulates b12 absorption

Answer 44

- lipase -15% lipolysis -pepsinogen activated to pepsin by HCL -protease --> cleave protons into polypeptides

Answer 45

-release gastrin -increase stomach activity

Answer 46

1.Chyme- -partially digested carbs, proteins and fats -In 2-3 hours in pylons 2.Empty w/in 4-6 hours -Faster=larger meals, liquids, carbs -Slower=fatty

Answer 47

1. Circular Lumen 2. Villi 3. Microvilli 4. Intestinal Crypts

Answer 48

-1 cm tall and focus chyme to spiral thru. Lumen

Answer 49

-1mm projections of mucosa -Enterocytes→ absorbs nutrients -Goblet Cells: Secrete Mucus and in epithelial layer

Answer 50

-Plasma membranes projections= brush border

Answer 51

1.Enterocytes 2. Enteroendocrine cells 3. Paneth Cells 4. Stem Cells

Answer 52

Secrete intestinal juices, watery mucos 1-2 L a day pH: 7.5

Answer 53

-cholecystokinin (CEK) secretion

Answer 54

Secrete defensins, lysozyme

Answer 55

-Divide rapidly, differentiat, and migrate to willis

Answer 56

-Stomach normally protected by a bicarbonate and mucus blanket -If mucus is broken down→ digest wall is exposed -H. Pylori can destroy mucus layer

Answer 57

1. antacids → raise pH and allow time for healing 2. Proton Pump-->Inhibits parietal cells from pumping H+

Answer 58

-AKA Emesis -Irritation→ message to emeteric center in medulla Pale, nauseated, salivate, -Process: Deep breath contracting abdominal and diaphragm GES Relaxes Soft Palate rises Stomach content forced up

Answer 59

-Propulsion -segmentation

Answer 60

-Chyme broken down -enzyme=Pancreas and bush border - bile from liver

Answer 61

-absorbs most nutrient sand water

Answer 62

-of small intestines -Sphincter→flap -Closes with pressure -Prevents backflow -Normally closed -Relaxed by gastrolienal reflex

Answer 63

Acidic- normally Hypertonic- diahrea

Answer 64

1.Lots of goblet cells - Crypts, no villi 2. Bacteria ⅓ of stool 3.Metabolic Rate -Fermentation- breakdown undigested food and mucosa -carbs= gas(CO2, Methane, Hydrogen, Dimethylsulfide [odor] -500ml/ day -makes vitamins -B’s and K -Keeps bad bacteria in check -maintains Overall health

Answer 65

*takes 12-24 hours 1.Haustra Contractions -Segmentation -Slow 1-30min -SM -As haustra fills and stretch then contract and mixes contents -Allows for more H2O extraction -Mass Movement 2. Peristalsis -Long, slow, powerful → force contents towards rectum -3-4 times a day -Gastrolic reflex= food in stomach 3. Absorption -500ml chyme → 150 ml feces

Answer 66

1. Mass movement→ feces into rectum 2.Feces stretches wall= defecation reflex (PSNS) 3.Rectum contracts; in response and the internal sphincter relaxes 4. Message to the brain→ decide what to do with the external sphincter 5.Keep external sphincter closed until mass movement

Answer 67

1.Rectal wall contracts 2.Contract levator ani -Lifts anal canal and leave feces outside the body

Answer 68

-Process nutrients -Stores glucose as glycogen -Amino acids→ makes plasma proteins, Clotting factors, albumin, angiokensiogen -store fat soluable vitamins -Makes cholesteral and triglyceriddes

Answer 69

-Makes molecules inactive→ changes to H2O soluble form - changes Ammonia →urea -Drugs and hormones

Answer 70

blood= old RBC and bacteria

Answer 71

makes bile salts

Answer 72

Emulsifies Fats

Answer 73

Enterohepatic Circulation: 1. Duodenum 2.Reabs, in ileum 3. Transported to liver by portal blood 4.Re-secreted bile

Answer 74

-yellow/green -alkaline

Answer 75

1.Bile Salts 2.Bile Pigments 3.Cholesteral/Triglycerides

Answer 76

-from Bilubrin= Hb breakdown

Answer 77

-Stores bile in concentration of 20x -when walls contract-->bile moves into cystic duct -

Answer 78

-too much cholesterol or to little bile salts

Answer 79

-secretes 1500 ml of pancreatic Juice (mostly water) -Bicarbonate (pH8) is made by duct cells -Bicarbonate: -neutralizes chyme -HCL-->HCO3=blood pH unchanged -Enzymes made by Acinar Cells

Answer 80

Trypsin becomes lipase, amylase, and nuclease, but need ions and bile to function properly

Answer 81

-Trypsinogen-->trypsin in duodenum

Answer 82

1.Cephalic Phase 2.Gastic Phase 3.Intestinal Phase

Answer 83

1. Sense(see, smell, taste) 2.message goes to cortex 3.message to hypothalamus 4.Message to medulla 5.Message from medulla activates PSNS 6.PSNS activation sends an excitatory impulse through the vagus nerve (AKA long reflex)

Answer 84

(AKA short reflex) * increase distending and pH b/c of chyme and body senses peptides (starts the process) 1.Gastrin is released--> relaxes ileocecal calve (gastroileal reflex) & mass movement (gastrocolic reflex)

Answer 85

* chyme in duodenum (acidic, causes distension, hypertonic) Fat and Peptides of Chyme is Digested: -cholecystokinin is released 1.tells gallbladder to contract (digests fat) 2. Pancreas Secretes Enzyme (digests proteins) 3. Relax Hepatic Sphincter (bile gets to chyme) 4.Inhibits stomach activity Acidity of Chyme in Digestion Causes: 1.activates secretin release 2.release of bicarbonate from the pancreatic duct cells 3. Increase bile production 4.Inhibits stomach activity

Answer 86

-made of peptides and fat -hypertonic -acidic

Answer 87

1.Cholecystokinin and Seretin -protects small intestines from acid -allows time for digestion and absorption (food would move way to fast) 2. Stress, Fear, and Anxiety -SNS Response

Answer 88

-large molecules become monomers via hydrolysis and are also broken down with pancreatic enzymes

Answer 89

-enterocytes have tight junctions so things don't easily come through -molecules are picked up by ATPase carriers and brought through

Answer 90

-glycogen, starch, and cellulose

Answer 91

-Salivary and pancreatic amylase

Answer 92

-sucrose -lactose -maltose

Answer 93

-via brush border enzyme

Answer 94

-they are actively transported across enterocyte cell membrane -then absorbed by capillary blood stream via diffusion

Answer 95

-glucose, galactose, and fructose

Answer 96

-amino acids are sloughed off and disintegrated by mucosal cells and GI Enzymes -In the Stomach: 1. HCL denatures protein= unfold 2. Pepsinogen b/cms pepsin and cleaves proteins into polypeptides -In Small Intestine: 1.Protease= breaks polypeptides into smaller polypeptides 2.Brush Border Enzymes Carboxypeptidase and Amino Peptidase= cleave amino acids 3.Active Transport across Enterocytes 4.Absorbed into capillaries via diffusion

Answer 97

1. Pancrease secretes nuclease and breaks them down into nucleotides 2. Brush border Enzymes in SI breaks the nucelotides into: nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate ions 3. Actively transported across enterocytes and enters capillaries via diffusion

Answer 98

1.Lingual lipase breaks down lipids in oral cavity and stomach 2. Chyme: -have a tryglercide exterioir -bile salts have a polar and nonpolar end -the polar end repels bile salts and sttracts the water -the nonpolar end binds with the fats - this turns big blobs into little blobs 3.Pancreas -releases lipase and break triglyceride down into a micelle (1 Monoglyceride and 2 fatty acids) 4.Enterocyte -micelles transport into enterocytes -Smooth ER converts micelles into triglycerides with a protein skin = chylomicron 5. Lymphatic System - chylomicrons enter lacteal ducts of the lymphatic system -travel to thoracic duct and empties into the left subclavian where it is broken down into lipoprotein lipase breaks it down so it can be absorbed by tissues

Answer 99

Consume 9 L. of this Secretions are: Saliva= 1L Gastric Juices= 3L small intestine=2 L

Answer 100

Na,K,Ca,Cl,Fe, Vitamins, H2O

Answer 101

Bile salts, B12, H2O and salts

Answer 102

-extraction of salt, H20, and vit. K

Answer 103

-Decrease PSNS Activity -Poor absorption -decrease smell and taste

Answer 104

Build cell structure Replace old and worn out structures Synthesizes functional molecules ATP

Answer 105

carbs, fats, and proteins

Answer 106

vits, and minerals

Answer 107

-Sugars →Fruit and milk -Polysaccharides= starch

Answer 108

Uses → all converted to glucose and becomes ATP, Glycogen, and Fat

Answer 109

-100g aka 50% -complex carbs are best -300g in a 2000 cal diet

Answer 110

saturated= animals, unsaturated=plants

Answer 111

cushion, insulates, calorie storage, absorb fat soluble vitamins, plasma membrane stabilization

Answer 112

-65 g/day -30% of diet (excess is stored as fat)

Answer 113

incomplete= nuts, legumes, cereal complete= eggs, fish, meat (animal)

Answer 114

-Structural & functional proteins Not stored, need all amino acids or can’t make protein

Answer 115

50g/day 20% of calories a day

Answer 116

B, C Some stored, excess in urine B function as coenzyme in glucose oxidation antioxidants= A,C,E

Answer 117

Ingested with lipids Stored in liver Toxic if accumulated Vit. D= calcium metabolism Vit K=blood clotting

Answer 118

-ca,mg,phos for bone health -K, Na, Cl= electrolytes -sulfur=to make some amino acids

Answer 119

Iron for hemoglobin Iodine for Thyroid hormone

Answer 120

Sources; Vegies, legumes, milk

Answer 121

sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

Answer 122

make bigger molecules from smaller ones

Answer 123

breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones

Answer 124

take energy in chemical bonds for food and store as ATP for cell use

Answer 125

creation of glucose from non carbs

Answer 126

-Makes 2 CO2 molecules =exhale -Makes 8 hydrogen ions combine with oxygen we inhale to make water= oxidative phosphorylation -Oxidative phosphorylation= 28 molecules of ATP -1 molecule of glucose= 30 molecules of ATP -686 kcal= 262kcal of heat -38% efficient

Answer 127

1.Steady State 2.Absorbative State 3. Post absorptive State

Answer 128

-dynamic breakdown and rebuilding of molecules -Nutrient Pools: 1.Amino Acids-short term energy b/cms ATP or Fat 2.Carbs- ATP, excess in liver and muscles 3.Fat-ATp, excess stored in adipose cells and muscles

Answer 129

eating +3 hours→ food absorbed and burned or stored/ controlled by insulin

Answer 130

-GI empty, using body reserves -Fasting state -need to maintain blood glucose levels: A. Break down glycogen for the brain B. Triglyceride → glycerol → glucose and into Fatty acids → ATP C. Break down cell protein → glucose -Prolonged fast catabolizes muscles -->Dies when heart is to weak -Controlled by glucagon

Answer 131

Brain: -Hypotahlamus = hunger center -GI Stretch = decrease appetite -Glucose in blood= decrease -Fat in blood=decrease -Increase hunger=Glucagen, epinephrine -Junk Food → depress -Stress→ increase or decrease -Temp increase= appetite decrease -Lack of Sleep= increase or decrease appetite -Leptin(tells how much fat is stored)=

Answer 132

-returns leaked fluid to vascular system

Answer 133

1.Lymph Vessels=Transport 2.Lymph=fluid in vessels 3.Lymph Nodes=cleanses lymph

Answer 134

-lymphocytes and macrophages

Answer 135

houses lymph cells

Answer 136

1.Spleen 2.Thymus 3.Tonsil 4.Nodes

Answer 137

-Capillaries everywhere, but teeth and bone tissue -Blind end, very permeable -Made of endothelial cells that overlap slightly= mini valves -Anchored by collagen (can’t collapse) -Open w/ pressure→ picks up: fluid, protein, lymphocytes, pathogen, debris, and cancer cells -Fluid goes into lymph nodes

Answer 138

Subclavian

Answer 139

-cleanse debris -examined by immune system

Answer 140

1. Lymph Capillaries 2. collecting vessels 3.Lymphoid Trunks 4.Lymphoid Ducts Right Lymph Duct-->flow of right upper half up to right subclavian duct Thoracic Duct --> rest of the body including left subclavian

Answer 141

-Main immune system warriors -Originate in bone marrow -exists in reticular CT Types: -T cells -B Cells

Answer 142

Attack infected cells, manage immune responses

Answer 143

-protect body from an antigen -Become plasma cell and make antibodies

Answer 144

-Everywhere -Phagolytic cell (activates T cell)

Answer 145

Barriers: skin, Gi, Resperiratory tract Phagolytic Cell

Answer 146

1.Valves 2.Muscle Pumps 3.Respiratory Pumps 4.Artery Pumps -vessels in CT sheath w/ artery pulse 5.smooth muscle of tunica media

Answer 147

make reticular CT

Answer 148

1.Lymphocytes 2.Macrophages 3.Dendritic Cells 4.Reticular Cells

Answer 149

1.Diffuse 2.Lymphoid Follicles

Answer 150

almost everywhere

Answer 151

-sphere of tightly packed lymphocytes -germinal center=b cells dividing -T cells in transit

Answer 152

1.Primary -Where B and T cells Mature -B= Bone marrow -T=Thymus 2.Secondary -where lymphocytes encounter antigen and are activated

Answer 153

-Cleanse lymph→debris microorganisms, filtered several times -Immune system surveillance -Lymphocytes monitor for antigen= mount attack -Dendritic cells use Antigen and activated T cells -100’s of clusters

Answer 154

1.Lymph Nodules (MALT) 2.Tonsils 3.Thymus 4.Spleen 5.Peters Patch 6.Appenix

Answer 155

-(Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue) -in mucous membrane - no capsule surrounding

Answer 156

-protecting ring around pharynx removes and responds to pathogen -Types: 1.Palatine-the tonsils 2.Lingual- base of the tongue 3.Pharyngeal- nasopharynx 4.Tubal-Opening of pharyngotympanic tubes

Answer 157

-Important in early life -part of endocrine and lymphatic system -t lymphocytes mature and become immunocompetent

Answer 158

-in ileum -deal w/ intestinal bacteria

Answer 159

-lots of lymph follicles -prevents bacteria from breeching wall

Answer 160

-function=lymphocyte proliferation -immune surveillance of blood - removes old RBCs, platelets, debris pathogens -stores iron from RBCs -stores platelets and monocytes -has white and red pulp

Answer 161

-clusters of lymphocytes -immune surveillance

Answer 162

-lots of macrophages -worn out RBCs destroyed -Dispose of Pathogens

Answer 163

1.Skin barriers -skin -mucous membrane 2.Internal Defenses -Phagocytes -NK Cells -Inflammation -antimicrobial proteins -Fever

Answer 164

-Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium -Resists: 1. Weak acids and bases 2. Bacteria and their enzymes 3. toxins

Answer 165

-Line body cavities that open to exterior of body -Cilia hair

Answer 166

-ID enemy and adhere to it -Opsonization=Pathogen coated with complement or antibodies -Engulf and form phagosomes -Lysosome fuses → phagylosysome -Kills prey w/ : 1.Acids, enzymes 2.Free radicals 3.Oxidizing chemicals 4.Pierce membranes w/ defensins

Answer 167

-Large granular lymphocytes -Detect lack of “self” surface proteins on cells -Then kill non-self cells by inducing apoptosis ex. Cancer cells and virus infected cells -Secrete chemicals that enhance inflammation

Answer 168

-Responds to tissue injury (Trauma, heat, chemicals, infection) -Prevents spread of damaging agents -Dispose of pathogens and debris -Alert adaptive immune system -Sets stage for repair

Answer 169

Types: 1. Histamine=mast cells 2. Kinins= neutrophils 3.Prostaglandins= leukocytes Causes: 1. Dilation of arterioles for increased blood flow 2. Increased capillary permeability by: -by leaking exudate (protein rich fluid) - by clotting proteins that wall off area, creates and repair scaffolding -attracting leukocytes

Answer 170

-Virus Infects a cell →makes interferons -Interferons: 1. Stop protein synthesis 2. Degrade viral RNA

Answer 171

1.Systemic response to microorganism invasion -Pyrogen increase hypothalamic temperature set point -->Endogenous: from WBCs -->Exogenous: from microorganisms 2.High temperature is dangerous -Denatures Proteins 3. Mild-moderate fever -Inhibits bacterial multiplication -Increases metabolic rate to speed repair

Answer 172

-Protect from invaders and abnormal body cells: A. Amplify inflammation and activate complement B. If fail= cancer, aids

Answer 173

1.Humoral 2.Cellular Immunity

Answer 174

-B lymphocytes activated → plasma cells →secrete antibody -In blood= lymph =Bind to and inactivate intruder and mark it for destruction -Also has extracellullar targets: Toxins viruses bacteria

Answer 175

-Target infected cells, cancer, foreign cells -T-Lymphocytes -Kill directly or indirectly by enhancing inflammation

Answer 176

1.Involves B & T Lymphocytes 2.Specific → recognizes and targets and identified invader 3.Systemic→ not at site of infection 4.Memory→second response is faster

Answer 177

-stands for antibody generating -Anything that triggers our adaptive defense -Antibodys bind to specific antigens -Large/ complex molecules= complete

Answer 178

-antibody incomplete link w/ body protein -both combined= antigen -Ex. poison oak →oil links w/ collagen

Answer 179

-Major Histocompatibility Complex -Protein on Surface of Cells -Tells WBC self vs. nonself -Millions of combinations

Answer 180

When a B cells sees an antigen and makes antibody

Answer 181

-Immunoglobulin (Ig) (5classes -2 identical heavy chains -2 identical light chains -Variable region =bind to antibody -Constant Region=determines class and function

Answer 182

-Engulf the antigen and present the fragments to T cells -T cells activate T Lymphocytes -Several Types of APC Cells: 1.Dendritic 2.Macrophages 3.B Lymphocytes

Answer 183

-Skin, CT -Catch antigens and move to node to prevent it

Answer 184

-Present to T cells to activate macrophages

Answer 185

-Only present to T helper cells in order to be activated

Answer 186

IG: 1.M 2. A 3.D 4.G 5.E

Answer 187

-Monomer or pentamer -Serum: 10% -Largest -Location: Mode 1 on B cell surface -Function: 1. Agglutination 2. Activate compliment

Answer 188

-Dimer -Serum: 10% -Location: Body Secretions -Function: 1.Stop pathogens from attaching to epithelium

Answer 189

Monomer Serum: Trace Location: On B cell surface Function: B cell antigen receptor

Answer 190

-Monomer -Serum: 80% -Smallest -Location: -2nd cross placenta -Function: 1. activates , compliments, and protects from bacteria and toxins 2. Provides immunity for fetus

Answer 191

-Monomer -Serum: Trace -Location: secreted by skin and GI tract -Functions: 1. Basophils and mast cells 2. Release histamine → allergies

Answer 192

1. Neutralization 2.Agglutination 3.Precipitation 4.Lysis

Answer 193

Simplest Bind antigen, block sites, inactivates viruses, toxins phagocytized

Answer 194

-Cross-linked w/cells clumps -RBC -phagocytized

Answer 195

Cross linked w/ soluble molecules phagocytized

Answer 196

By activation of compliment

Answer 197

-Lymphocytes -B cells=humoral -T cells=cell mediated -Origens: Bone Marrow -T matures in thymus and B in bone marrow

Answer 198

1.Need to be able to recognize self MHC(protein) 2.Tolerate self antigen 3.Recognize specific antigens -2% graduate→apoptosis -Genes determine their receptors and there are billions of receptor kinds and lymphocytes can only have 1 receptor

Answer 199

Engulf the antigen and present the fragments to T cells

Answer 200

1.Dendritic -Skin, CT -Catch antigens and move to node to prevent it 2.Macrophages -Present to T cells to activate macrophages 3.B Lymphocytes -Only present to T helper cells in order to be activated

Answer 201

-Antigen binds to B cell IgD receptor and activates it -It proliferates and forms clone, cells that differentiate into Plasma cells and memory cells

Answer 202

-Make antibodies -Make 2000 molecules per second -Does this over 4-5 days

Answer 203

A. 1st exposure -Lag of 3-6 days in antibody production -Peak antibody response @ 10 days -Plasma secrete antibody B. 2nd exposure -Re Exposed to same antigen -Makes a faster, longer, and more effective response -Increases antibody levels in 2-3 days -More plasma cells secrete antibody

Answer 204

-B cell encounters the antigen and has to make antibody stored in memory cell -Allows for long term protection -Natural= viral or bacteria infection -Artificial= vaccine →weakened of deadened pathogen

Answer 205

-Given antibody, B cells are not challenged= no memory -Natural: From Mom 1. Fetis gets IgG across placenta 2. Baby gets Antibodies from mom’s milk -Artificial 1. Gamma Globulin shot 2. antivenom= snake 3. antitoxins= rabies, tetanus, botulism 4. Hepatitis protection

Answer 206

-Infected cells, cancer cells, foreign cells -T cells respond -2 Types of T Cells: 1.CD4 2.CD8 -Also, involves Major Histocompatibility (MHC) Proteins which have 2 classes

Answer 207

-T helper cells -Activate B cells, T cells, macrophages -(T4,Th) direct immune response -T regulatory= moderate immune system

Answer 208

-Cytotoxic T cells (T8,Tc) -Destroy cells displaying its antigen

Answer 209

-Endogenous, a cells except RBC -8-9 aa bits of protein →if abnormal→ infected, cancerous→ sounds alarm -Needed to activate CD8 cells

Answer 210

-Only on APC surface -Display debris of phagosomes -Activate CD4 cells

Answer 211

-Can’t see antigen -Need antigen processed and presented by APC 1. T cells Bind and recognizes -Self MHC -I belong to me or absent= attack me -Antigen= Foreign invader → attack anything w/ Ag help me attack this 2.Activates and Divides -b/cm Memory cells -Clone Active cells→ release cytokines→ die 7-30 days 3. Cytokines -aka Interlukins -WBCs used to talk to other WBCs -Proliferate -Activate -Come down

Answer 212

-exposed to antigen -adaptive and innate branch off

Answer 213

1. Cellular 2. Humoral

Answer 214

-dendritic cells engulf antigen -APC presents it’s MHC antigen complex -APC branches into 2 types: 1. CD8 -Clone and make memory cells and a cytotoxic T cells -Cytotoxic T Cell attack and destroy cells w/ antigen 2.CD4 -Clones and make memory cells and T helper Cells -T Helper cells can: A. Activate CD8 Cells B. Activate B Cells C. Turn on macrophages D.Turn on NK Cells T Cells activates other cells by stimulating Cytokins Also has T Regulatory Cells Has inhibitory cytokines Turn of Cytotoxic T Cells T Helper Cells B Cells

Answer 215

-they can A. Activate CD8 Cells B. Activate B Cells C. Turn on macrophages D. Turn on NK Cells -T Cells activates other cells by stimulating Cytokins -Also has T Regulatory Cells A. Has inhibitory cytokines B. Turn of Cytotoxic T Cells C. T Helper Cells D. B Cells

Answer 216

-B cell IgD receptors bind to antigen and activates -B Cell then clones itself and makes a memory cell for next time and a plasma cell -Plasma cells secrete antibody P=precipitate L-Lysis by activation of the complement A= agglutination N=neutralization

Answer 217

2 branches: 1. External Defense -Surface barrier, skin, muscles 2.Internal defense -Inflammation -NK -Fever -Phagocytes -Lysozyme -Proteins-interferon -Complement

Answer 218

anatomic region of the stomach that pummels and mixses food with juices to form chyme

Answer 219

-increased hydrostatic pressure -decreased coloid pressure -blocked lymphatic drainage

Answer 220

-Decreases -BV SV= EDV-ESV

Answer 221

-filters blood to remove bacteria -detoxify toxic chemicals -processes nutrients you eat

Answer 222

-pump protons (hydrogen ions) into lumen -make intrinsic factor

Answer 223

-when food enters stomach, mass movements begin in the colon in response

Answer 224

-vasoconstrict

Answer 225

-hypertonic or alkaline chyme

Answer 226

-secrete bicarbonate to neutralize chyme

Answer 227

-causes gall bladder contractions

Answer 228

microvilli

Answer 229

-has memory -systemic -specific

Answer 230

1.agglutination 2.precipitation 3.Neutralization

Answer 231

process of neutrophil squeezing through capillary wall

Answer 232

-phagocytosis -antibodies -inflammation -lysozyme

A&P Exam #2 Flashcards

(265 cards)