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SPPA 320 > A&P Exam 2 Anatomy > Flashcards

A&P Exam 2 Anatomy Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is the biological role of the larynx?

A

Protective role:

  1. Prevents air from escaping from lungs
  2. Prevents foreign substances from entering lungs
  3. Expels foreign substances threatening trachea
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2
Q

What is the non-biological role of the larynx?

A

Sound generator

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3
Q

Hyoid bone

A
  • Supportive structure for root of tongue.
  • Suspends larynx and serves as attachment for extrinsic laryngeal muscles.
  • U-shaped
  • Level of C3
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4
Q

What is unique about the hyoid bone?

A

It is not attached to any other bone of the skeleton. It’s held in position by a complex system of muscle and ligaments.

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5
Q

Landmarks of the hyoid bone

A
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6
Q

Thyroid cartilage & landmarks

A

Largest laryngeal cartilage. Landmarks:

  • Thyroid lamina: quadrilateral plates
  • Angle of thyroid: midline fuse of lamina
  • Superior thyroid notch
  • Superior thyroid cornu: loosely attaches to greater horn of hyoid
  • Inferior thyroid cornu: attaches to cricoid cartilage
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7
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Located immediately above upper tracheal ring. Forms lower border of laryngeal framework. Shaped like a backwards signet ring.

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8
Q

Landmarks of the cricoid cartilage

A
  • Arch (anterior)
  • Quadrate lamina (posterior): extend superiorly to fill space between inferior horns of thyroid.
  • Articular facets:
    • Lateral: articulates w/ inferior cornu of thyroid cartilage
    • Superior: articulates w/ arytenoid cartilages
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9
Q

Arytenoid cartilages

A

Paired cartilages on sloping border of quadrate lamina of cricoid cartilage. Roughly resemble a three-sided pyramid.

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10
Q

Landmarks of the arytenoid cartilages

A
  • Muscular process: posterior & lateral
  • Vocal process: anterior
  • Apex: superior
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11
Q

Corniculate cartilages

A

Small bead-like cartilages.

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12
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • Flexible leaf-like structure
  • Located just behind hyoid bone and root of tongue.
  • Attached inferiorly to thyroid angle
  • Prevents food from entering larynx during swallow
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13
Q

Cuneiform cartilages

A

Embedded in aryepiglottic folds. Help support vocal folds & stiffen them to maintain opening to larynx/airway.

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14
Q

Cricoarytenoid joint & its movements

A

Saddle joint b/w cricoid & arytenoid cartilages. Movements:

  • Rocking: move vocal processes of arytenoids up/out or down/in, resulting in approximation or abduction of vocal folds.
  • Gliding: move arytenoids on long axis, resulting in changes in vocal fold length
  • Rotating: move arytenoids on vertical axis resulting in extreme abduction
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15
Q

Cricothyroid joint & its movements

A

Synovial joint w/ lateral articular facets on cricoid and inferior horns of thyroid.

Rotation: thyroid rocks down in front

Gliding: thyroid slightly forward/backward relative to cricoid

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16
Q

What happens to the vocal folds when the cricoid and thyroid move together in front?

A

Arytenoid cartilage moves farther away from thyroid which tenses vocal folds and adjusts pitch.

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17
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal membrane: Thyrohyoid/Hyothyroid

A

Attaches superior border of thyroid to body and greater horns of hyoid bone. Includes middle and lateral thyrohyoid ligament.

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18
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal membrane: Hyoepiglottic Ligament

A

Attaches superior aspect of epiglottis to body of the hyoid bone.

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19
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal membrane: Thyroepiglottic Ligament

A

Attach the inferior stem of the epiglottis to the inside of the thyroid cartilage, just below the notch.

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20
Q

Valleculae

A

Space between the tongue and the epiglottis.

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21
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal membrane: Cricotracheal Membrane

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A

Connects lower border of cricoid cartilage to upper border of first tracheal ring.

22
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal membrane: Conus Elasticus (lateral and anterior views)

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A

Continuous sheet that connects inferior border of thyroid, superior border of cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages.

  • Includes middle cricothyroid ligament: connects cricoid and thyroid at the middle near the angle.
23
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal membrane: Conus Elasticus (superior view)

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A
  • Courses superiorly and medially.
  • Fibers terminate as free thickened margins.
    • Go from vocal process of arytenoid to thyroid angle
    • Called vocal ligament, or true vocal folds.
24
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal membrane: Quadrangular Membranes

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A
  • Start at lateral margins of epiglottis and thyroid angle
  • Terminate superiorly as aryepiglottic folds
  • Course posteriorly and inferiorly to medial surfaces of arytenoids
  • Terminate inferiorly as free thickened margins called ventricular ligaments (false vocal folds)
25
Pre-Laryngeal Cavity: Aditus Laryngis
Entry to larynx. Made up of anterior border of epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds.
26
Laryngeal Cavity: Vestibule
* Supraglottic (above glottis) * Triangular opening * Superior border: aditus laryngis * Inferior border: ventricular folds (false vocal folds) * Lateral walls: aryepiglottic folds * Posteriorly: membrane covering arytenoid cartilages
27
Divisions of the glottis
* Membranous glottis * Anterior 3/5 * Soft tissue * AKA "free margin" * Vibrating element * Cartilaginous glottis * Posterior 2/5 * Arytenoids
28
Glottis
* Space between true vocal folds, inferior to laryngeal ventricle * Superior to conus elasticus * Lateral are vocal folds & arytenoids * 20 mm long in adults * Posterior opening at rest ~8 mm
29
Laryngeal Cavity: Laryngeal ventricle
Supraglottic. Space between false and true vocal folds.
30
Vocal fold histology
* epithelium: thin stiff capsule that maintains vocal fold shape * lamina propria: * superficial layer: loose fibrous components * Intermediate layer: elastic fibers * deep layer: cartilaginous fibers * vocalis muscle: main body of vocal folds
31
Vocal folds: functional divisions
* Cover: epithelium & superficial layer of lamina propria (mucosal lining) * Transition: intermediate & deep layers of lamina propria (vocal ligament) * Body: deep layer (vocalis muscle)
32
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx
* Includes adductors, abductors, glottal tensors and relaxers * Make fine adjustments to vocal mechanism * Both origin and insertion on laryngeal cartilages or hyoid bone
33
Extrinsic muscles of the larynx
* Includes elevators and depressors * Have one attachment to structures outside the larynx * Responsible for major adjustments, support, and fixation of larynx in neck
34
Adductor: Lateral Cricoarytenoid
* Origin: upper border of anterolateral arch of cricoid * Course: superior and posterior * Insert: muscular process of arytenoid * Action: moves muscular process forward and inward/downward * Impact on vocal folds: rotate vocal process towards midline (adduct); possibly lengthen
35
Adductor: Transverse (Inter)arytenoids
* Origin: lateral margin & posterior surface of arytenoid * Course: horizontal * Insert: lateral margin & posterior surface of opposite arytenoid * Action: approximate arytenoids via gliding * Impact on vocal folds: Adduction, medial compression
36
Adductor: Oblique (Inter)arytenoids
* Origin: posterior surface of muscluar process of one arytenoid * Course: diagnoally * Insert: apex of opposite arytenoid * Action: pulls apex medially; rocks arytenoid down/in * Impact on vocal folds: adduction & medial compression
37
Abductor: Posterior Cricoarytenoid
* Origion: shallow depression of posterior aspect of quadrate lamina of cricoid cartilage * Course: superior and lateral * Insert: muscular process of arytenoid * Action: vertical fibers rotate arytenoid so that vocal processes are abducted and elevated
38
Glottal tensor: Cricothyroid
Origin: anterolateral arch of cricoid cartilage * Pars oblique * Course: superior and posterior * Insert: inferior cornu of thryoid cartilage * Action: slides thyroid cartilage forward * Pars recta * Course: superior * Insert: lower margin of thyroid lamina * Action: tilts thyroid cartilage down Impact on focal folds: lengthened and tensed
39
Thyroarytenoid
* Makes up main mass of true vocal folds * Consists of two muscle masses * Portion just lateral to vocal ligament (medial-most portion) is (thyro)vocalis * Lateral to vocalis is thyromuscularis
40
Glottal tensor: Thyrovocalis
Part of thyroarytenoid * Origin: inner surface of thyroid cartilage near notch * Course: posterior * Insert: vocal process of arytenoids * Action: draws thyroid and cricoid farther apart in front * Impact on vocal folds: tenses
41
Glottal relaxor: Thyromuscularis
Part of thyroarytenoid * Origin: inner surface of thyroid cartilage near notch (lateral to vocalis) * Course: posterior (parallel to vocalis) * Insert: muscular process of arytenoids * Action: moves muscular process forward * Impact on vocal folds: adduction and lengthening
42
Elevators: Digastric
* Anterior belly * Origin: inner surface of mandible, near midline * Course: inferior and posterior * Insert: lesser horn of hyoid * Posterior belly * Origin: mastoid process of temporal bone * Insert: lesser horn of hyoid * Attach to one another via intermediate tendon * Action: raise hyoid (and larynx)
43
Elevators: Stylohyoid
* Origin: styloid process of temporal bone * Course: parallel to posterior belly of digastric * Insert: body of hyoid bone * Action: draws hyoid bone superiorly and posteriorly
44
Elevators: Mylohyoid
Fanlike fibers that form muscular floor of mouth * Origin: inner surface of mandible from mental symphysis (midline) to last molar * Course: inferior and medial * Insert: with fibers from other side at midline raphe * posterior fibers onto body of hyoid bone * Action * If mandible is fixed, elevate hyoid bone * If hyoid is fixed, depresses mandible
45
Elevators: Geniohyoid
Paried muscle superior to mylohyoid * Origin: lower part of mental symphysis * Course: posterior and inferior * Insert: body of hyoid bone * Action: * With mandible fixed, raises hyoid bone superiorly and anteriorly * With hyoid fixed, depresses mandible
46
Elevators: Genioglossus
* Origin: mental spines of mandible * Course: lower fibers to hyoid bone; remainder fan out to tongue dorsum * Insert: lower fibers to hyoid bone; remainder into submucous tissue on undersurface of tongue * Action: elevates hyoid
47
Elevators: Hyoglossus
* Origin: body & greater horn of hyoid bone * Course: upward * Insert: lateral submucous tissue of posterior half of tongue * Action: * If tongue is fixed, elevates hyoid * If hyoid is fixed, retracts and depresses tongue
48
Depressors: Sternohyoid
Flat muscle on anterior surface of neck * Origin: posterior surface of manubrium and medial end of clavicle * Course: superior * Insert: inferior body of hyoid bone * Action: draws hyoid bone inferiorly toward sternum
49
Depressors: Omohyoid
* Superior belly * Origin: intermediate tendon (connects superior & inferior bellies) * Course: up * Insert: lower border of hyoid * Action: depresses hyoid * Inferior belly * Origin: upper border of scapula * Course: superiorly and medially * Insert: intermediate tendon * Action depress hyoid bone (by pulling on superior belly)
50
Depressors: Sternothyroid
* Origin: manubrium and first costal cartilage * Course: superior and lateral * Insert: thyroid lamina * Action: may draw thyroid cartilage down
51
Depressors: Thyrohyoid
* Origin: thyroid lamina * Course: superior * Insert: greater horn of hyoid bone * Action: depresses hyoid or elevates larynx

SPPA 320 (7 decks)

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