A&P Exam 3 Flashcards

Question

Saddle Joint

Answer 1

two concave, straddled joints | CMC (thumb)

Answer 2

convex head and a concave surface multiaxial joint EX: hip - glenohumeral joint

Answer 3

Synovial Joints | C2 to L5 spinal vertebral articulate

Answer 4

Inferior and Superior articular processes

Answer 5

Between adjacent vertebral bodies

Answer 6

pads of fibrous cartilage seperate vertebral bodies anulus fubrosis nucleus pulposis

Answer 7

contains sensory nerves tough outer layer attaches disk to vertebrae

Answer 8

elastic, gelatinous core Absorbs shock ACIDIC to nerves

Answer 9

bind vertebrae together & stabalize vertebral column Anterior Longitudinal Ligament-connects anterior bodies Posterior Longitudinal Ligament -connects posterior bodies close to spinal cord Ligamentum Flavum -connects lamina

Answer 10

Glenohumeral Joint LEAST stable skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, capsule

Answer 11

Glenoid Labrum deepens socket of glenoid cavity fibrocartilage lining SLAP lesion - overhead BANKART - shoulder dislocation

Answer 12

Glenohumeral Coracoacromial Coracoclavicular Acromioclavicular -shoulder spereation

Answer 13

Supraspinatus Infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis

Answer 14

Subdeltoid -deep to deltoid muscle

Answer 15

stable hinge joint thick capsule strong ligaments articulates with humerus, ulna, radius

Answer 16

trachlea (hum) with the ulna | -flexion & extension

Answer 17

capitulum of humerus with head of radius

Answer 18

Biceps LCL Annular Ligament (wraps around head of radius) MCL

Answer 19

swinging around child | radius pops out of elbow

Answer 20

Stable, ball & socket joint

Answer 21

Head of Femur & Acetabulum | Acetabular Labrum

Answer 22

Iliofemoral Ligament -prevents hyperextension of the hip (polio gate)

Answer 23

complicated hinge joint | trandfers weight between femur and tibia

Answer 24

``` Tibiofemoral Joint (Knee) Patellofemoral Joint ```

Answer 25

Medial & Lateral- Fibrocartiliginous pads cushion & stabalize joint

Answer 26

``` Patellar ACL PCL MCL LCL ```

Answer 27

Sprain -partial or complete tear of fibers of a ligament Strain -partial or complete tearing of fibers of a muscle

Answer 28

portion of the disk bulges through annulus fibrosis

Answer 29

inflammation of bursae

Answer 30

inflammation of tendon

Answer 31

tear of the glenoid labrum or the acetabular labrun from bone

Answer 32

tear of the meniscus in the knee

Answer 33

1. muscle weakness 2. sensory changes - numb, tingling 3. loss of bowel/bladder **NOT PAIN

Answer 34

1. Parallel 2. Convergent 3. Pennate 4. Circular / Sphincter

Answer 35

Fascicles parallel to long axis of the body Advan: large ROM Dis: not as strong as pennate EX: Biceps Brachii

Answer 36

Fascicles extending over a broad range converge on a single attachment site Advan: versitile -stimulation of different portions can change direction of pull EX: Pectoralis Major

Answer 37

Fascicles form an angle with the central tendon that runs through the muscle Advan: smaller ROM, but increased strength compared to parallel EX: unipennate = intrinsic of the hand bipennate = rectus femoris multipennate = deltoid

Answer 38

Fascicles are concentrically arranged around an opening when muscles contract, the diameter of opening decreases EX: orbicularis oris

Answer 39

end of muscle that is fixed | proximal

Answer 40

the end of muscle that is movable | distal

Answer 41

Movement a muscle produces when it contracts DESCRIBED: bone that is moved joint

Answer 42

a muscle responsible for a specific movement

Answer 43

a muscle that opposes the movement of an antagonist

Answer 44

a muscle that assists a prime moverin performing its primary function

Answer 45

Agonist -Biceps & Brachialis Antagonist -Triceps Synergist -flexors of the wrist

Answer 46

1. collect information by recptors from changes in environment called stimuli 2. process and evaluate info 3. initiate response to info (muscle contraction or gland secretion)

Answer 47

Spinal Cord & Brain | Neural tissue, connective tissues, blood vessels

Answer 48

deliver sensory outside of CNS | carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems

Answer 49

sensory data: from inside and outside of body motor commands: control activities of peripheral organs (skeletal muscle) higher functions of brain: intelligence, memory, learning, emotion

Answer 50

Afferent NS | responsible for recieving information from receptors that detect stimuli and transmit info to CNS

Answer 51

Detect changes or respond to stimulus | -complex sensory organs: ears, eyes, nose

Answer 52

(Body) detect stimuli that we consciously perceive eyes, ears, skin

Answer 53

organ detect stimuli we do not consciously perceive receptors located in BV, internal organs--chemical/ph/pressure change

Answer 54

Efferent NS responsible for initiating or transmitting motor output from CNS to effectors controls muscle tissue and glands

Answer 55

effector is stimulated by conscious control | EX: voluntary skeletal muscle

Answer 56

innervates and regulates without conscious control cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands 1. sympathetic 2. parasympathetic

Answer 57

has a stimulating effect | Fight or Flight

Answer 58

has a reflecing effect | breath, rest, digest

Answer 59

all neural tissue outside the CNS | -spinal nerves, peripheral nerves, cranial nerves

Answer 60

1. Excitability 2. Conductivity 3. Secretion 4. Extreme longevity 5. Amitotic

Answer 61

basic functional unit of the nervous system

Answer 62

conduct electrical signal to axon from dendrites or initiated in cell body large nucleus & nucleolus Perikaryon -cytoplasm RER & Ribosomes produce neurotransmitters cytoskeleton nissle bodies

Answer 63

dense areas of RER and ribosomes | make neural tissue appear gray (gray matter)

Answer 64

highly branched | receive info from other neurons & transmit to cell body

Answer 65

typically long | carries electrical signals (action potential) to target

Answer 66

triangular section of cell body

Answer 67

few side branches

Answer 68

fine extensions of distal axons

Answer 69

extreme tips of telodendria containing synaptic vesicles

Answer 70

substances are moved in both directions of neuron FAST= ATP; ex: vesicles, organelles, waste moves along neurotubules SLOW= enzymes, new axoplasm moves along axoplasm

Answer 71

neuron that sends message

Answer 72

cell that receivs message

Answer 73

small gap that seperates the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 74

expanded area of axon of presynaptic neuron

Answer 75

chemical messengers (ACh, dopamine) released at presynaptic cleft affect receptors of post synaptic membrane broken fown by enzymes and reassembeled at synaptic knob

Answer 76

synapse between neuron and muscle

Answer 77

synapse between neuron and gland

Answer 78

found in sensory neurons of PNS very long axons fused dendrites and axon

Answer 79

common in CNS ALL skeletal muscle motor neurons in PNS long axons and multiple dendrites

Answer 80

afferent neurons of PNS

Answer 81

efferent neurons of PNS

Answer 82

neurons that go between two neurons ONLY IN CNS, high number!

Answer 83

Half the volume of the nervous system capable of MITOSIS! donot transmit nerve signals

Answer 84

(CNS) cuboidal cells with highly branched processes form epithelium called ependyma line central canal of spinal cord & ventricles of brain (CSF) FUNCTION: secrete cerebrospinal fluid stem cells & have cilia to circulate CSF

Answer 85

abundant (90%) large cell bodies with many processes maintain blood-brain barrier assist in neural development of the fetal brain

Answer 86

astrocytosis occupy space of dying neurons

Answer 87

(CNS) smaller cell bodies with processes that wrap around acons to form myelin myelin prevents passage of ions increases speed of action potential makes nerve appear white

Answer 88

myelinated segments of axon

Answer 89

gaps between internodes

Answer 90

(5%) smallest & least numerous neuroglia phagocytic cells of immune system

Answer 91

Surround ganglia | regulate environment around neuron

Answer 92

form myelin sheath around peripheral axons

Answer 93

Process in which part of axon is wrapped wih myelin HIgh in lipids In CNS = OLIG myelinates myelinates multiple neurons SCHWANN cells in PNS myselinates ONE neuron

Answer 94

Damaged PNS axons can regenerate if cell body is intact and some neurolemma remain DEPENDS: amount of damage distance between site of damaged nerve & structure innovated

Answer 95

1. axon is severed 2. proximal portion seals off & swells due to axoplasmic flow 3. part of myelin sheath and endoneurium form a regeneration tube 4. axon regenerates & remyelination occurs 5. innervation is restored when it comes into contact with original structure 6. axon distal to injury regenerates

Answer 96

limited by chemicals released by growth-inhibitory chemicals that block axon growth

Answer 97

produce scar tissue & DONT REGENERATE

Answer 98

normally closed | open in response to neurotransmitter binding to receptor

Answer 99

normally closed open in response to changes in electrical charge potential across plasma membrane only allow specific ions to pass through activation gate & inactivation gate

Answer 100

Resting State- inactivation gate is open & activation gate is closed Activation State- inactivation gate is open and activation gate is open Inactivation State- inactivation gate is temporarily closed and activation gate is open *during this time, it cannot be stimuated to open

Answer 101

receptive segement chemically gated channels

Answer 102

(Initial Segment) | Voltage gated Na+/K+ channels

Answer 103

(Conductive) | voltage-gated Na+/K+ channel

Answer 104

(Transmissive) | Ca++ channels & Ca++ pumps

Answer 105

differencein electrical charge between 2 areas at the membrane ``` Inside = (-) Oustide = + ``` when membrane potential is altered it creates and electrical current

Answer 106

unequal distribution between two areas for that substance

A&P Exam 3 Flashcards

(130 cards)