A&P Final

Question 1

The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another is called ________.

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

What is a physiological study?

Answer 2

The study of life, specifically, how cells, tissues, and organisms function.

Question 3

What is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc?

Answer 3

Receptors→sensory neuron→spinal cord→motor neuron→muscles.

Question 4

Which element of a control system detects a change?

Answer 4

Sensors

Question 5

What is the correct order of elements in a control system? (6)

Answer 5

Stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector.

Question 6

Rick quickly pulled his hand away from the hot stove. This reflex is best known as a(n) ____________

Answer 6

withdrawal/involuntary reflex

Question 7

Positive feedback systems do what?

Answer 7

Intensify a response until an endpoint is reached.

Question 8

When correctly situated in an anatomical position, where are your feet in relation to your knees?

Answer 8

Distal to the knees

Question 9

The substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called ________________

Answer 9

a neurotransmitter

Question 10

Which orientation and directional term means toward the midline of the body?

Answer 10

Medial

Question 11

Jerome plays football and recently broke a bone in the tarsal region. This region is in the ________

Answer 11

Foot

Question 12

What is the relationship between the patellar and popliteal regions?

Answer 12

The patellar region is anterior (in front of) to the popliteal region of the knee.

Question 13

The gap between two communicating neurons is termed __________

Answer 13

Synaptic cleft

Question 14

Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon’s membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?

Answer 14

Calcium ions

Question 15

Neurons either conduct action potentials along the length of their axons, or they remain at rest?

Answer 15

Nerve impulses

Question 16

Nerve impulse transmissions occurring along myelinated neurons are called ______

Answer 16

Saltatory conduction

Question 17

An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell?

Answer 17

Sodium ions

Question 18

Which region is associated with the lower limb? (7)

Answer 18

The gluteal, hip, femoral, knee, leg, talocrural, and foot regions.

Question 19

Which region is NOT associated with the ventral (anterior) portion of the head?

Answer 19

Occipital region.

Question 20

Which type of section could be used to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

Answer 20

Transverse section

Question 21

Which cavity houses the mediastinum?

Answer 21

Thoracic cavity

Question 22

Which set of regions in the abdominopelvic cavity is medial? (3)

Answer 22

Hypogastric, umbilical, epigastric.

Question 23

The thoracic cavity is __________ to the abdominopelvic cavity.

Answer 23

Superior

Question 24

A tissue constructed of a single layer of flattened cells is known as _________________

Answer 24

simple squamous epithelium

Question 25

Which type of tissue conducts electrochemical impulses?

Answer 25

Nervous tissue

Question 26

Which Tissues are classified as connective tissue? (7)

Answer 26

Loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, dense fibrous connective tissue, elastic connective tissue, cartilage, osseous tissue (bone), and blood.

Question 27

Which type of tissue is situated in the lining of the urinary bladder and urethra where stretching occurs?

Answer 27

Transitional epithelium.

Question 28

The tissue that is usually well vascularized and has an extensive extracellular matrix is called ____________

Answer 28

Epithelial tissue.

Question 29

Which type of epithelial tissues are composed of many layers of cells?

Answer 29

Stratified epithelium.

Question 30

Bone is best described as (2)

Answer 30

hard, dense connective tissue.

Question 31

Identify the type of connective tissue that is found in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow.

Answer 31

Reticular connective tissues.

Question 32

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as _____________

Answer 32

endocrine glands.

Question 33

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue? (4)

Answer 33

striated, branched, contain many mitochondria, and are under involuntary control.

Question 34

The type of muscle found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach, and in the walls of blood vessels is ____________

Answer 34

Smooth muscle fibers.

Question 35

The presence of chondrocytes indicates that a tissue is ______________

Answer 35

cartilage tissue.

Question 36

Damaged tissues that are repaired by the same kind of cells experience a replacement process known as ______________

Answer 36

Regeneration

Question 37

Intercalated discs found in cardiac muscle tissue are _____________________

Answer 37

part of the cardiac muscle sarcolemma.

Question 38

Which type of connective tissue is avascular?

Answer 38

Cartilage

Question 39

Which membrane is constructed of a visceral and parietal layer?

Answer 39

Serous membranes

Question 40

The deepest layer of the serous membrane covering the outer surface of the heart is the ____________

Answer 40

Visceral layer

Question 41

Synovial fluid reduces friction ___________

Answer 41

between the bones of the joint.

Question 42

The only dry membrane is the

Answer 42

Cutaneous membrane

Question 43

The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called ______________

Answer 43

Dendrites

Question 44

Ganglia are collections of ___________

Answer 44

nerve cell bodies.

Question 45

Neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons (association neurons), are structurally classified as __________

Answer 45

Multipolar neurons

Question 46

Where are mucous membranes found?

Answer 46

The moist, inner lining of some organs and body cavities (such as the nose, mouth, lungs, and stomach).

Question 47

Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid?

Answer 47

Potassium ions.

Question 48

Although you get wet while swimming, a tough protein within the skin prevents it from soaking up moisture like a sponge. This substance is _________

Answer 48

Keratin

Question 49

The two main layers of skin are ____________________

Answer 49

The epidermis and the dermis

Question 50

A needle pierces through the epidermal layers of the palm in the following order: (4)

Answer 50

Stratum corneum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum basale.

Question 51

The "tanning" effect (darkening of the skin) that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun is due to ____________

Answer 51

increased production of melanin.

Question 52

The layer of the epidermis in which cells die because of their inability to get nutrients and oxygen is the clear layer called ____________

Answer 52

stratum granulosum.

Question 53

People who produce a lot of melanin have a skin tone that is ___________

Answer 53

Dark-skinned

Question 54

A splinter penetrates to the deepest layer of the epidermis on your foot. This layer is the ____________

Answer 54

stratum basale.

Question 55

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ____________

Answer 55

diffusion from the underlying blood vessels.

Question 56

Fingerprints and footprints in the epidermis are created by dermal papillae present in the _________

Answer 56

papillary layer of the dermis.

Question 57

Which vitamin is synthesized by the skin?

Answer 57

Vitamin D

Question 58

Nails are composed of

Answer 58

Keratin

Question 59

During the resting state, a neuron is ___________

Answer 59

negatively charged

Question 60

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 60

In the bone marrow

Question 61

The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as ____________

Answer 61

Long bones

Question 62

What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints?

Answer 62

Articular Cartilage

Question 63

In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to ______________

Answer 63

store adipose tissue (fat).

Question 64

The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that _____________

Answer 64

A person is still growing

Question 65

Each complex of central canal and matrix rings in compact bone is known as __________

Answer 65

Osteon

Question 66

Which structure is ONLY found associated with a child's bone?

Answer 66

Epiphyseal Plate

Question 67

Which bone markings are projections that serve as a site for muscle or ligament attachment?

Answer 67

Epicondyle

Question 68

Which bones are considered part of the axial skeleton? (5)

Answer 68

The bones in your skull, ossicles (small bones) of your middle ear, hyoid bone of your neck, vertebra (bones of your spine), and thoracic cage (ribcage).

Question 69

The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called ________

Answer 69

Lacuna

Question 70

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

Answer 70

Hyaline Cartilage

Question 71

What type of bone cell is primarily active when bone growth occurs?

Answer 71

Osteoblast

Question 72

The axial skeleton contains 1. skull 2. scapula 3. true and false ribs 4. vertebrae 5. phalanges

Answer 72

The skull, true and false ribs, and vertebrae

Question 73

The suture situated anteriorly between the parietal bones and occipital bone is the ________________

Answer 73

Lambdoid suture

Question 74

Which bones are associated with the hand? (3)

Answer 74

Phalanges, Metacarpal bones, Carpal Bones.

Question 75

The hyoid bone is unique because it _______________________

Answer 75

is the only “floating” bone in your body.

Question 76

What feature is uniquely associated with cervical vertebrae?

Answer 76

Presence of one foramen in each transverse process.

Question 77

Endomysium covers _____________

Answer 77

Muscle fibers

Question 78

The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell is called the ______________

Answer 78

Sacrolemma

Question 79

The term central nervous system refers to the ________________________

Answer 79

Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 80

A sarcomere is __________________

Answer 80

the basic contractile unit of a myocyte (muscle fiber).

Question 81

Which one of the following is composed of myosin protein?

Answer 81

Thick filaments

Question 82

Cross bridges are created when myosin heads bind to _____________

Answer 82

Actin filaments

Question 83

A motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates are termed a _____________

Answer 83

Motor unit

Question 84

Acetylcholine is __________________

Answer 84

A neurotransmitter