A&P Final Flashcards
1
Q
Peripheral Nervous System
A
Provides links from outside world. All neural structures outside brain: sensory receptors, nerves, ganglia, efferent motor endings
2
Q
Sensation
A
awareness of stimulus
3
Q
perception
A
interpretation of meaning of stimulus
4
Q
clarification of receptors
A
type of stimulus they detect
location in body
structural complexity
5
Q
mechanoreceptors
A
respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch
6
Q
thermoreceptors
A
sensitive to change in temp
7
Q
photoreceptors
A
respond to light change
8
Q
chemoreceptors
A
respond to chemical
9
Q
nociceptors
A
respond to pain
10
Q
exteroceptors
A
respond to stimuli arising outside body
touch, pain, pressure, temperature
11
Q
interoceptors
A
inside body
chemical, tissue stretch, temperature
12
Q
proprioceptors
A
respond to stretch
inform brain of ones movement
13
Q
nonencapsulated (free) Nerve Endings
A
abundant in epithelia and connective tissue
most nonmyelinated (travel slow)
respond mostly to pain and temperature
14
Q
Encapsulated Nerve Endings
A
all mechanoreceptors in connective tissue capsule
15
Q
tacile corpuscle
A
discriminative touch
16
Q
lamellar corpuscle
A
deep pressure and vibration
17
Q
bulbous corpuscle
A
deep continuous pressure
18
Q
muscle spindles
A
muscle stretch
19
Q
tendon organ
A
stretch in tendon
20
Q
joint kinesthetic receptors
A
joint position and motion
21
Q
sensation
A
awareness of change in internal and external environment (someone walking behind you)
22
Q
perception
A
conscious interpretation of stimuli (are you in danger?)
23
Q
somatosensory
A
- receptor level- sensory receptors
- circuit level- process in ascending pathways
- perceptual level- process in cortical sensory areas
24
Q
perceptual detection
A
ability to detect a stimulus has occurred
25
magnitude estimation
ability to detect how intense stimuli are
26
spatial discrimination
identify state or pattern of stimulation
27
spatial discrimination
identify state or pattern of stimulation
28
feature abstraction
mechanism has a preference for one stimulus than another
29
visceral pain
stimulation of visceral organ receptors
30
referred pain
pain in one body pain caused from another
31
spinal nerves
```
31 in all.
8 cervical (c1-c8)
12 thoratic (t1-t12)
5 lumbar (l1-l5)
5 sacral (s1-s5)
1 coccygeal (c0)
```
32
ventral root
contains motor (EFFERENT) fibers from ventral horn motor neurons
33
dorsal root
contains sensory (AFFERENT) fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal ganglia and conduct impulses from peripheral receptors
34
sacral plexus
l4-s4
serves as buttock, lower limb, pelvic structure
sciatic nerve resides here
35
sciatic nerve
longest and thickest nerve in body
| composed of tibial and common fibular
36
dermatone
area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of single spinal nerve (how spinal cord injury detected)
37
somatic reflexes
activate muscles (stove hot-pull hand away)
38
somatic reflexes
activate muscles (stove hot-pull hand away)
39
Central Nervous System (CNS)
CNS consists of brain and spinal cord
40
Cephalization
- Evolutionary development of rostral (anterior) portion of CNS
- Increased number of neurons in head
- Highest level reached in human brain
41
Ventricles of the Brain
- Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- Lined by ependymal cells
- Connected to one another and to central canal of spinal cord
- Lateral ventricles third ventricle via interventricular foramen
- Third ventricle fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
42
Regions of the Adult Brain
- Cerebral hemispheres
- Diencephalon
- Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
- Cerebellum
43
Anatomical Features of Cerebral Hemispheres
Surface markings
Ridges (gyri), shallow grooves (sulci), and deep grooves (fissures)
Longitudinal fissure
Separates two hemispheres
Transverse cerebral fissure
Separates cerebrum and cerebellum
44
Basic Regions of Cerebral Hemispheres
- Cerebral cortex of gray matter superficially
- White matter internally
- Basal nuclei deep within white matter
45
Cerebral Cortex
Site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding
46
Primary Motor Cortex
Long axons pyramidal tracts of spinal cord
Motor homunculi - upside-down caricatures represent contralateral motor innervation of body regions
47
Primary Motor Cortex
Long axons pyramidal tracts of spinal cord
Motor homunculi - upside-down caricatures represent contralateral motor innervation of body regions
48
Premotor Cortex
- Helps plan movements; staging area for skilled motor activities
- Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills
- Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions
- Controls voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback
49
Multimodal Association Areas: Anterior Association Area
Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality
50
Multimodal Association Areas: Posterior Association Area
Plays role in recognizing patterns and faces, localizing us in space and understanding written and spoken language
51
Multimodal Association Areas: Limbic Association Area
Provides emotional impact that makes scene important and helps establish memories
52
Multimodal Association Areas: Limbic Association Area
Provides emotional impact that makes scene important and helps establish memories
53
Lateralization
Division of labor between hemispheres
54
Cerebral dominance
hemisphere dominant for language, math and logic
55
Thalamus
- Functions as the “Gateway” to the cerebral cortex
- Sorts, edits, and relays ascending input
- Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory
56
Hypothalamic Function
- Controls autonomic nervous system
e. g., blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, pupil size
- Physical responses to emotions
- Perception of pleasure, fear, and rage, and in biological rhythms and drives
- Regulates body temperature, hunger and satiety, water balance and thirst, sleep-wake cycle
- Controls endocrine system
57
Medulla Oblongata
- Autonomic reflex center
- Hypothalamus relays instructions via medulla
- Cardiovascular center
- Cardiac center adjusts force and rate of heart contraction
- Vasomotor center adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood pressure regulation
- Respiratory centers
- Generate respiratory rhythm
- Control rate and depth of breathing (with pontine centers)
58
Medulla Oblongata
- Autonomic reflex center
- Hypothalamus relays instructions via medulla
- Cardiovascular center
- Cardiac center adjusts force and rate of heart contraction
- Vasomotor center adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood pressure regulation
- Respiratory centers
- Generate respiratory rhythm
- Control rate and depth of breathing (with pontine centers)
59
Cerebellum
Role in thinking, language, and emotion
60
Cerebellum
Role in thinking, language, and emotion
61
Limbic System
Mediates emotional response and involved in memory processing
recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits fear response
Puts emotional responses to odors
62
EEG
electroencephalogram
63
Epilepsy
Tonic-clonic (formerly grand mal) seizures
Most severe; last few minutes
Victim loses consciousness, bones broken during intense convulsions, loss of bowel and bladder control, and severe biting of tongue
64
Sleep Disorders
-Narcolepsy
>Abrupt lapse into sleep (REM) from awake state
>Often have cataplexy
>Fully awake but undergo sudden loss of >voluntary muscle control
-Orexins ("wake-up" chemicals from hypothalamus) thought to be destroyed by immune system
>Key to possible treatment
65
Short-term memory
temporary holding of information; limited to seven or eight pieces of information
66
Long-term memory
limitless capacity
67
Declarative memory
Explicit information: faces, names, words, dates
68
Nondeclarative Memory
Acquired through experience and repetition
| Remembered by doing, hard to unlearn
69
Concussion
temporary alteration in function
70
Contusion
Contusion
71
Subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage
may force brain stem through foramen magnum, resulting in death
72
Cerebral edema
swelling of brain associated with traumatic head injury
73
Parkinson's disease
- Degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons
- Basal nuclei deprived of dopamine become overactive tremors at rest
- Cause unknown
- Treatment with L-dopa; deep brain stimulation; gene therapy; research into stem cell transplants promising
74
Parkinson's disease
- Degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons
- Basal nuclei deprived of dopamine become overactive tremors at rest
- Cause unknown
- Treatment with L-dopa; deep brain stimulation; gene therapy; research into stem cell transplants promising
75
Epidural space
Cushion of fat and network of veins in space between vertebrae and spinal dura mater
