A&P Final Flashcards
1
Q
What is Pathophysiology
A
Study of the effects of diseases in the body
2
Q
What is the role of the diaphragm
A
Controls breathing by contracting and relaxing during inhalation and exhalation
3
Q
3 properties of water
A
- ) Essential reactant in chemical reactions of living systems
- ) Very high heat capacity
- ) Excellent solvent
4
Q
What is a tumor
A
Mass produced by abnormal cell growth and division
5
Q
What are benign tumors
A
Tumors which are usually encapsulated and rarely life threatening
6
Q
What are malignant tumors
A
Tumors that spread from their original location through invasion, can also spread to distant tissues through the blood of lymph
7
Q
What is osmosis
A
Passive process in which water moves from high concentration to low concentration
8
Q
What is diffusion
A
Passive process in which molecules are in constant motion and collide in to each other and spread out from high concentration to low
9
Q
What is an acid
A
chemical that neutralizes bases. pH under 7
10
Q
What is a base
A
substance that neutralizes acids. pH over 7
11
Q
What are buffers
A
a solution that resists changes in pH
12
Q
What are proteins
A
Vital molecules that carry out many functions throughout the body
13
Q
What is skeletal muscle tissue
A
voluntary muscle tissue that moves or stabilizes position of the body. MULTINUCLEATED
14
Q
What is cardiac muscle tissue?
A
Striated involuntary muscle found only in heart
15
Q
What is smooth muscle
A
Nonstriated involuntary muscle found in walls of blood vessels, around hollow organs, and around respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts
16
Q
Fun fact about smooth muscle
A
It can regenerate after injury
17
Q
Effects of aging on muscle tissues
A
Body’s ability to repair damaged tissue decreases
Cancer is more likely to occur
18
Q
Where is cilia found
A
On the surface of epithelial cells
19
Q
What is the role of cilia
A
Used to move materials across the surface
20
Q
What are the sebaceous glands?
A
Oil glands that discharge oily lipid secretion (sebum) into hair follicles.
21
Q
What is the structure of hair?
A
Hair root which anchors the hair to skin and hair shaft which is the part we see on the surface
22
Q
Functions of Hair
A
- Protects scalp from uv light
- Insulation for skull
- prevents entry of foreign objects into nose, eyes, and ears
23
Q
What are gliding joints?
A
Flat faces that slide across each other
ex. flat bones of wrist and ankles
24
Q
What are hinge joints
A
permit angular movement in one plane
ex. elbow, knee
25
What are Condylar Joints
oval surface nestled within a depression on opposing surface
| ex. wrist
26
What are saddle joints?
two bones that have concave face on one side and convex on the other
ex. of the thumb
27
What are pivot joints
permit rotation only
| ex. in the neck to allow head rotation
28
Ball-and-socket joints
occur where the end of one bone is a round head that nests in the cup-shape depression in another bone
ex. shoulder joint
29
What is supination?
Turning palm to face front
30
What is pronation
turning palm to face back
31
What is extension
Movement to increase the angle
32
What is flexion
movement to decrease the angle between articulating bones relative to anatomical position
33
What are the roles of fontanelles
function to allow the baby's brain to grow during the first year of life and to allow the baby's head to pass through the birth canal
34
Action at the elbow: What are the flexor muscle
- Biceps Brachii
- Brachialis
- Brachioradialis
35
Action at the elbow: What is the extensor muscle
Triceps brachii
36
Action at the ankle: What are the flexor muscles
- Tibialis anterior
| - Fibularis tertius
37
Action at the ankle: What are the extensor muscles
- Gastrocnemius
- Fibularis brevis
- Fibularis longus
- Plantaris
- Soleus
- Tibialis posterior
38
How do muscles maintain body temperature
Muscle contractions generate heat
| ex. shivering
39
How many cervical spinal nerves are there
8
40
How many thoracic spinal nerves are there
12
41
How many lumbar spinal nerves are there
5
42
How many Sacral spinal nerves are there
5
43
How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there
1
44
What shape does the gray matter of the spinal cord make
rough H or butterfly
45
What are the three horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord called
Posterior gray horn, lateral gray horn, anterior gray horn
46
Three columns of the white matter of the spinal cord
Posterior white column, lateral white column, anterior white column
47
What are the four lobes of the brain
Temporal, parietal, frontal, occipital
48
What is the function of the temporal lobe
Processes memories, sound sight and touch. Contains the auditory cortex and olfactory cortex
49
What is the function of the Occipital lobe
Primarily for vision. Contains visual cortex
50
What is the function of the frontal lobe
Cognitive functions, and control of voluntary movement. Contains the gustatory cortex
51
What is the function of the parietal lobe
Processes information on temperature, taste, touch, and movement
52
Which lobe is the Wernicke's Area in and what is it for?
In the temporal lobe. It integrates sensory informtion and visual and auditory memory
53
Which lobe is Broca's area in and what is its function
Frontal lobe. It is the speech center. It regulates breathing and vocalization required for speech
54
Function of Olfactory nerves and what are their roman numeral
Carry sensory information concerning sense of smell. Roman numeral: I
55
Function of optic nerves and their roman numeral
Carry sensory visual information from eyes to brain
| roman numeral: II
56
Function of Oculomotor nerves and their roman numeral
Motor nerves that innervate the eye muscles that move the eyeball and control pupil size
Roman numeral III
57
Function of trochlear nerves and their roman numeral
Motor nerves that innervate the superior oblique muscle of the eyes
Roman numeral IV
58
Function of Trigeminal Nerves and their roman numeral
```
Mixed nerves (sensory/motor) provides sensory input from opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular (all around face) and motor control to chewing muscles
Roman numeral V
```
59
Function of abducens nerves and their roman numeral
Motor nerves that innervate the rectus eye muscle
| Roman numeral VI
60
Function of the facial nerves and their roman numeral
Mixed nerves. Sensory nerves monitor proprioception in the face and provide taste information. Motor nerves provide facial expressions and control tear and salivary gllands
Roman Numeral VII
61
Function and roman numeral of Vetibulocochlear nerves
Sensory nerves respond to receptors in the ear that convey info about balance and position and sense of hearing
Roman numeral VIII
62
Function and roman numeral of glossopharyngeal nerves
mixed nerves. sensory provide taste sensation and monitor BP and blood gases
motor controls muscles used in swallowing
roman numeral IX
63
Function and roman numeral of Vagus nerves
Mixed nerves. sensory input from ears, diaphragm, taste receptors, and visceral receptors. Motor control muscle of pharynx and esophagus as well as ANS output to cardiac muscle
roman numeral X
64
Function and roman numeral of accessory nerves
motor nerves innervating muscles of the head and neck
| roman numeral XI
65
Function and roman numeral of hypoglossal nerves
provide voluntary motor control of the tongue
| roman numeral XII
66
What are nociceptors
Receptors that respond to pain
67
What are the 3 types of pain and a brief description
1. Fast pain-Localized, transmits quickly due to myelinated axons
2. Slow pain- identified as a general area involved (not localized)
3. Referred pain-perception of pain is in an unrelated to area of body
68
What is insulin?
Hormone that decreases blood glucose
69
What is the role of the nervous system
maintains homeostasis
70
What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary
ADH and Oxytocin
71
What is the role of erythropoietin
stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells which increases the oxygen carrying capacity
72
Structure of Hemoglobin
Composed of two pairs of globular proteins, each pair contains a heme
73
Function of Hemoglobin
maintain O2 homeostasis
74
What are white blood cells
cells that help to defend the body against pathogens. they also remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells
75
What are four types of WBCs
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, and Basophils
76
Describe neutrophils
- Make up 50-70% of circulating WBCs
- usually first WBC to arrive at injury site
- Very active phagocytes
77
Describe Eosinophils
- make up 2-4% of circulating WBCs
| - are phagocytic but also attack through exocytosis of toxic compounds
78
Describe Basophils
- rare, less than 1%
| - release heparin and histamine
79
Describe lymphocytes
- 20-40% of circulating WBCs
| - some attack foreign cells, others secrete antibodies
80
What are platelets
element in blood that initiates clotting process and helps to close injured blood vessels
81
What is anemia
Reduction in the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity
82
What is bradycardia
heart rate slower than 60 bpm
83
What is tachycardia
Heart rate faster than 100 bpm
84
How does blood return to the from systemic circulation
through veins and through the vena cava
85
What is the function of the ventricles
right ventricle- pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit
| left ventricle- pumps blood into the systemic circuit
86
Function of the atria
right atrium- receives blood from the systemic circuit
| left atrium- receives blood from the pulmonary circuit
87
What are the layers of the heart wall
1. Epicardium-outermost
2. Myocardium-muscular middle layer
3. Endocardium- Covers insides of chambers and heart valves
88
What is the tricuspid valve
right atrioventricular valve
89
What is the function of the tricuspid valve
To prevent back-flow of blood back into the atrium
90
Where is the tricuspid valve located?
between the right atrium and right ventricle
91
How is ADH involved in cardiovascular regulation
Results in peripheral vasoconstriction which elevates BP
92
How is Angiotensin involved in cardiovascular regulation
When BP decreases the kidneys secrete renin which converts angiotensin to angiotensin II which stimulates cardiac output and arteriolar constriction to increase BP
93
How is Erythropoietin involved in cardiovascular regulation
released by kidneys when BP drops or plasma oxygen drops and stimulates red blood cell production to increase blood volume and BP and improve oxygen-carrying capacity
94
What changes the viscosity of blood?
Changes in plasma proteins or hematocrit (decreased hematocrit=less viscous)
95
How do changes in blood viscosity affect it's flow
Low-viscosity blood can flow at low pressures but high-viscosity blood can only flow under high pressures
96
How does placental blood supply work?
1. deoxygenated blood from fetus flows through umbilical arteies
2. CO2 cross to mother while O2 difuses from mother to fetus
97
What is systolic pressure?
Peak pressure measured during ventricular contraction
98
What is diastolic pressure
Minimum pressure at the end of ventricular relaxation
99
Role of Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
100
Role of veins
return blood to the heart
101
Role of capillaries
Where chemical and gaseous exchange occurs
102
What happens when the immune system does not function properly
may have immunodeficiency disease
103
What is SCID
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Happens when infants fail to develop cell-mediated or antibody-mediated immunity
104
What is AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Is a result of viral destruction of helper T cells. causing a weakened immune system
105
Structure of antibodies
Y-shaped protein with two parallel pairs of polypeptide chains
106
6 functions of antibodies
1. Neutralization- prevents antigen from binding to cell
2. Precipitation and agglutination
3. Activation of complement
4. Attract phagocytes
5. Enhance phagocytosis
6. Stimulate inflammation
107
Dysfunctions of the lymph nodes
Lymphedema- swelling due to accumulation of fluid in the tissues
108
Role of T cells
- Cytotoxic T cells, directly attack foreign cells
- Helper T cells, Stimulate T and B cells
- Suppressor T cells, inhibit T and B cells
109
Role of B cells
Secrete antibodies and are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity
110
What is the role of the spleen
- filters blood, removing abnormal blood cells and components
- Stores iron
111
Where is the spleen located
between stomach, left kidney, and diaphragm
112
Respiratory changes at birth
- Powerful contractions of muscles of inspiration overcome surface tension to inflate lungs,
- drop of pressure that pulls are into lungs also pulls blood into pulmonary vessels
113
Respiratory system before delivery
Pulmonary vessels are collapsed, lungs contain no air
114
What happens during inhalation
Increase in volume, decrease in pressure inside.
| Lower Pi than Po= air is drawn inside the lungs
115
What happens during exhalation
Decrease in volume, increase in pressure inside. Higher Pi than Po= air is drawn out of lungs
116
What is cystic fibrosis
inherited disease causing sticky secretions that block passageways and make it difficult to breathe and leads to frequent bacterial infections
117
What is pneumonia
an inflammation of the lungs due to bacterial or viral infection.Fluid collects in the alveoli and bronchioles swell restricting air flow, results in deterioration of respiratory function
118
What is tuberculosis
bacterial infection of the lungs that can spread to other organs
119
Role of surfactant
Helps keep alveoli open by reduces surface tension
120
What is hypoxia
Low tissue oxygen
121
Why is Anoxia
Supply of oxygen is completely cut off
122
What is the larynx
voicebox
123
3 largest cartilages of the larynx
1. Epiglottis
2. Thyroid cartilage
3. Cricoid cartilage
