A&P Lecture 1 - speech chain

Question 1

What is the ‘speech chain’?

Answer 1

The series of events which happen during speech comprehension and speech production

Question 2

What are the 4 types of tissue in the human body?

Answer 2

Muscle tissue (movement), connective tissue (support and storage), nervous tissue (communication), epithelial tissue (lining and covering)

Question 3

What is the key type of muscle in the vocal tract?

Answer 3

Skeletal muscle (muscle tissue attached to bones and cartilage). Key function - contraction

Question 4

What are the 6 components of the hierarchy of anatomical organisation?

Answer 4

Organism –> Organ systems –> Organs –> tissues –> cellular –> chemicals

Question 5

How is epithelial tissue arranged on a cellular level?

Answer 5

Closely packed cells arranged in layers, which provide protective boundaries/surfaces

Question 6

How is muscle tissue arranged on a cellular level?

Answer 6

Made up of long thin muscle cells arranged in parallel. Contraction allows muscles to shorten, producing movement and/or
increased tension

Question 7

Why can’t water soluble molecules move easily through cell membranes?

Answer 7

The lipids making up the cell membrane are water repellent (hydrophobic)

Question 8

Can fat soluble molecules move easily through cell membranes?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

What is the concentration of a chemical substance?

Answer 9

Related to the number of particles per unit volume

Question 10

What are the 3 ways particles can move across a cell membrane?

Answer 10

Passive Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport

Question 11

What is passive diffusion across a cell membrane?

Answer 11

Fat-soluble molecules can easily move
directly through the lipid-rich cell membrane
* Direction of movement is from area of
higher concentration to area of lower
concentration
* No energy required (“passive”)

Question 12

What is facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

Answer 12

• Direction of movement is still from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration
• Water-soluble molecules and ions cannot easily move directly through the lipid-rich cell membrane
• Instead, they move into or out of the cell through protein channels in the cell membrane
• No energy required

Question 13

What is active transport across a cell membrane?

Answer 13

• Direction of movement is from area of lower concentration to area of higher concentration
• Going against natural tendency of
  molecules to move by diffusion from higher to lower concentration
• Water-soluble molecules and ions (i.e. not fat-soluble)
• Movement of particles through substance specific protein channel in cell membrane
• Requires energy to move particles against a concentration gradient)

Question 14

What are messenger particles called?

Answer 14

Ligands

Question 15

Skeletal system: What is the function of bones in speech production?

Answer 15

Bones provide rigid boundaries to parts of the vocal tract and support for muscles involved in in respiration, phonation and
articulation

Question 16

Skeletal system: What is the function of cartilage in speech production?

Answer 16

Cartilage provides flexible components to parts of the vocal tract (e.g. larynx) and rib cage, and support for muscles involved in
phonation and respiration

Question 17

Skeletal system: What is the function of joints in speech production?

Answer 17

Joints assist changes in the shape of the chest during breathing and the vocal tract during phonation and articulation

Question 18

Skeletal system: What is the function of bones, joints and cartilage in speech perception?

Answer 18

• Bones provide rigid boundaries to the outer, middle and inner ear
• Bones and joints within the middle ear transmit sound
• Cartilage provides flexible support to the external ear

Question 19

What are bones surrounded by?

Answer 19

A tough connective tissue
layer containing fibrous
tissue (collagen) and
connective tissue cells.
This layer allows muscles to
attach securely to bones.

Question 20

Describe the structure of bones

Answer 20

An outer layer of dense compact bone
A less dense inner core with pockets of space between the bone material
Bone tissue consists of a protein (collagen) matrix, mineralized with calcium salts (adds rigidity and
strength)
There are also cells
embedded in the
mineralized bone matrix.
The cells are responsible
for maintaining bone tissue
health, repairing damaged
bone, and bone growth.

Question 21

How does the structure of cartilage differ from that of bones?

Answer 21

It is also composed of a protein matrix, but it is not mineralised, and contains cartilage cells. Lack of mineralisation - more flexible

Question 22

What are 3 types of cartilages

Answer 22

Hyaline - Balance between stiffness and elasticity
Regular structure of protein matrix createsa smooth surface
Elastic - Very flexible cartilage
Protein matrix contains extra elastic fibres
Fibrocartilage - Very stiff cartilage
Protein matrix contains extra collagen fibres

Question 23

Where is hyaline cartilage useful?

Answer 23

Provides smooth sliding surfaces for joints.Makes up most cartilages in the larynx

Question 24

Where is elastic cartilage useful

Answer 24

Flexible support for soft tissues
e.g outer ear, epiglottis

Question 25

Where might you find fibrocartilage?

Answer 25

DIscs between spine bones

Question 26

What is the role of cartilage in bone formation?

Answer 26

Bone is formed from a cartilage model that ossifies (turn to bone) as mineral calcium salts are deposited in the cartilage matrix * This process before birth and continues during childhood and adolescence * The final stage of bone growth occurs with ossification of the growth plates in late adolescence/early adulthood – bone growth ceases at this point

Question 27

What type of joints don't move?

Answer 27

Fibrous joints Bones are connected directly to each other by dense fibrous connective tissue * A fixed, immoveable joint --> E.g between skull bones

Question 28

What are Cartilaginous joints?

Answer 28

Joints where: Bones are connected directly to each other by cartilage Slightly moveable joint – compresses and springs back into shape Degree of flexibility depends on the type of cartilage

Question 29

What are synovial joints?

Answer 29

Joints where: Ends of bones are covered in smooth hyaline cartilage Articular surfaces separated by a joint space Bones are connected by a fibrous connective tissue 'sleeve' or capsule Joint space in capsule filled with thick synovial fluid

Question 30

What is the function of the muscular system during speech production?

Answer 30

Muscles produce movements that move air into and out of the chest during respiration (breathing) Muscles produce movements that alter the shape of the vocal tract during respiration, phonation and articulation

Question 31

What is the function of the muscular system during speech perception?

Answer 31

Movements of tiny muscles are involved in adjusting sound intensity in the ear

Question 32

What is a 'direct' muscle attachment?

Answer 32

Muscle tissue attach directly to supporting structure with no intervening connective tissue

Question 33

What is an 'indirect' muscle attachment?

Answer 33

Muscle fibres attach to supporting structure via tendons (connective tissues bands (e.g. tendons)

Question 34

What is a sarcomere?

Answer 34

A sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber. Made up of actin and myosin protein filaments which enable muscle cell contraction

Question 35

What is a myofibril?

Answer 35

Long strand-like protein structure within muscle cell

Question 36

What is a Muscle fascicle?

Answer 36

Bundle of muscle cells running in parallel length-wise along the muscle

Question 37

Which structures are actin and myosin?

Answer 37

Question 38

What causes the myosin binding sites to be exposed?

Answer 38

Calcium ion binding to troponin changes the shape of the actin filament to expose the myosin binding site

Question 39

Where do myosin heads bind to, what does this cause?

Answer 39

Myosin heads bind to actin filament and change position, causing the actin filament to slide across the myosin filament, shortening the sarcomere

Question 40

What causes a muscle cell to relax?

Answer 40

Calcium ion moves off troponin, myosin changes shape so actin can no longer bind, filaments slide apart and muscle cell relaxes

Question 41

How could you measure muscle activity?

Answer 41

EMG - electromyography - detects tiny electrical signals of muscle contraction a needle electrode inserted into the muscle record muscle activity

Question 42

What is the role of the respiratory system in speech production?

Answer 42

The lungs and respiratory tract (air passages) are involved in generating and conducting an airstream The larynx is involved in phonation The pharynx and nasal cavities are involved in articulation

Question 43

How is the digestive system involved in speech production?

Answer 43

The oral cavity, pharynx and tongue are involved in articulation

Question 44

Which 2 type of epithelium are relevant to the speech chain anatomy?

Answer 44

1. Stratified squamous epithelium 2. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 45

Describe the structure and function of stratified squamous epithelium in the speech chain

Answer 45

stratified = cells arranged in multiple regular layers squamous = flat wide cells (Lat. squama, ‘scale’) - Tough, resists wear and tear - Found in the mouth, pharynx and larynx

Question 46

Describe the structure and function of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the speech chain

Answer 46

ciliated = free surface covered in cilia pseudostratified = looks like there are multiple layers of cells because positions of cell nuclei are not uniform columnar = tall narrow cells - Movements of cilia clear mucus and particles from epithelial surface - Less resistant to wear and tear - Found in the respiratory tract (airways)

Question 47

What is the epithelium that lines body cavities called?

Answer 47

Mucosa

Question 48

What type of mucosa is the stratified squamous epithelium lining the mouth?

Answer 48

Oral mucosa

Question 49

&What type of mucosa lines airways?

Answer 49

Respiratory mucosa