A & P of Respiratory System

Question 1

What is most basic component of voice and speech production?

Answer 1

breath stream

Question 2

What is respiratory system composed of?

Answer 2

oral/nasal cavities
pharynx
larynx
trachea
lungs: bronchi
          bronchioles
           alveolar sacs

Question 3

2 broad categories of muscles of respiration

Answer 3

muscles of inspiration

muscles of expiration

Question 4

types of inspiration

Answer 4

1. quiet inspiration (vegetative breathing): use diaphragm only
2. forced inspiration: use intercostals and more

Question 5

types of thorax expansion on inspiration

Answer 5

1. vertical expansion: primarily thru diagphram

2. transverse expansion

Question 6

diaphragm

Answer 6

• primary muscle for inspiration
• large, inverted bowl
• attaches along lower margins of rib cage, sternum and vertebral column
• completely separates abdominal and thoracic cavities
• Central Tendon: when muscle contracts, pulls tendon down and forward
• muscle fibers radiate from it to attach to sternum, ribs and vertebrae
• xiphoid process is anterior most attachment
• attaches to ribs 7-12 and costal cartilages
• attaches to L1-4

Question 7

accessory muscles of inspiration

Answer 7

assist the diaphragm by elevating rib cage

1. external intercostals
2. neck: sternocleidomastoid & scalenes

Question 8

external intercostals

Answer 8

• perform some functions that are purely speech-related
• 11 residing between the 12 ribs
• originate on lower surface of rib and move down and inward to attach to upper surface of rib immediately below
• translucent intercostal membrane separates them from internal intercostals
• elevate rib cage, causing twisting of cartilaginous portion of ribs (active inspiration)
• when force is relaxed, they return to original shape (passive expiration)

Question 9

accessory muscles of neck

Answer 9

responsible for flexion and extension that can assist in forced inspiration

1. sternocleidomastoid
2. scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior)

Question 10

Sternocleidomastoid

Answer 10

• origin on mastoid process of temporal bone, runs down neck and inserts at sternum and clavicle
• paired – right and left
• seen when head turned to side
• when contracted separately, head will rotate to that side
• when contracted together, lift sternum and anterior rib cage

Question 11

scalenes

Answer 11

• provide head stability and facilitate rotation
• assist in elevation of rib cage for inspiration
• important for speech b/c provide neck stability and control
• origin is cervical vertebrae and insertion is surface of first two ribs

Question 12

muscles of forced expiration

Answer 12

-requires muscles acting indirectly on lungs to squeeze out air
-achieved by pulling down on rib cage or forcing diaphragm up
-normal expiration is merely passive response to relaxation of diaphragm
2 groups:
1. muscles of thorax, back and upper limb
2. abdominal muscles of expiration

Question 13

anterior thoracic muscles

Answer 13

1. internal intercostals (interosseous portion)
2. transversus thoracis
3. innermost intercostals

Question 14

internal intercostals (interosseous portion)

Answer 14

• significant contributors to forced expiration
• originate on superior margin of each rib and run up and medially to insert into inferior surface of rib above
• provide support and spacing of ribs along with external intercostals
• function to pull rib cage down to decrease lung volume

Question 15

innermost intercostals

Answer 15

• deepest of intercostals
• fibers run between inner surface of ribs
• same origin and insertion as internal intercostals
• attach with subcostal muscles
• innervation via intercostal nerves

Question 16

transversus thoracis

Answer 16

found on inner surface of rib cage

contraction would depress rib cage

Question 17

abdominal aponeurosis

Answer 17

tendenous structure running from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis
wraps around anterior portion of abdomen
linea alba runs in middle - muscles attach to it

Question 18

anterolateral abdominal muscles

Answer 18

help expiration by compression of abdominal viscera

1. transversus abdominus: reduce volume of abs
2. internal oblique abdominus: rotate & flex
3. external oblique abdominus: rotate & flex
4. rectus abdominus: sit-up muscle

Question 19

posterior abdominal muscles

Answer 19

1. quadratus lumborum: bilateral contraction helps fixate abdominal wall to support expiration

Question 20

muscles of upper limb

Answer 20

latissimus dorsi: assists in stabilization of abdominal wall for expiration

Question 21

respiration

Answer 21

exchange of gas between and organism and its environment

Question 22

air pressure

Answer 22

force exerted on walls of a chamber by molecules of air

Question 23

Pleural Linkage

Answer 23

allow thorax and lungs to act as integrated unit - vital to inhalation and exhalation
Visceral pleura covers lungs.
Parietal pleura lines thorax.
Pleural space in between contains pleural fluid, which has negative pressure. This pressure holds the pleurae in close proximity.

Question 24

Boyle’s Law

Answer 24

As volume of chamber increases, pressure decreases (assuming gas of constant temp).
Inhalation: muscles cause chamber to expand and pressure to be negative, so air flows in.
Exhalation: muscles cause chamber to contract and pressure to be positive, so air flows out.

Question 25

negative pressure

Answer 25

decrease in air pressure that causes air to enter the chamber to equalize pressures

Question 26

positive pressure

Answer 26

increase in air pressure that causes air to leave the chamber to equalize pressures

Question 27

measurement of respiration

Answer 27

flow volume lung capacities pressure

Question 28

respiratory cycle

Answer 28

``` one inspiration and one expiration normal for adults: 12-18 cycles per minute newborns: 40-70 cycles/min children: 20-25 cycles/min (quiet breathing) ```

Question 29

quiet tidal respiration

Answer 29

amount of airflow in and out of lungs in one cycle of quiet breathing

Question 30

volume

Answer 30

estimate of amount of air a compartment can hold

Question 31

capacity

Answer 31

combination of volumes that express physiological limits

Question 32

types of volumes

Answer 32

``` Tidal Volume Inspiratory Reserve Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume Residual Volume Dead Air ```

Question 33

Dead Air

Answer 33

volume of air left in upper airway that cannot undergo gas exchange because there are no alveoli in these areas adult average = 150 cc

Question 34

Tidal Volume (TV)

Answer 34

volume of air we breathe during respiratory cycle not static; varies with exertion, age, size increases with exertion

Question 35

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Answer 35

volume that can be inhaled after tidal inspiration | amount of air in reserve beyond tidal inhale

Question 36

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Answer 36

amount of air that can be breathed out following passive tidal expiration measured from end of expiration

Question 37

Residual Volume (RV)

Answer 37

volume remaining in lungs after maximum expiration cannot be exhaled no matter how you try *keeps lungs from collapsing

Question 38

Capacities

Answer 38

-volumes combined to characterize physiologic needs Vital Capacity Functional Residual Capacity Total Lung Capacity Inspiratory Capacity

Question 39

Vital Capacity

Answer 39

capacity available for speech total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation VC=IRV + ERV + TV

Question 40

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Answer 40

volume of air remaining in body after passive exhalation | FRC = ERV + RV

Question 41

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Answer 41

maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration | IC = TV + IRV

Question 42

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Answer 42

volume of air involved in maximal respiratory cycle plus residual volume TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Question 43

checking action

Answer 43

process of restraining airflow for speech if problem, person limited to short bursts of speech If we get down to resting lung volume and need to continue speaking, we use muscles of expiration to push beyond the resting volume.

Question 44

forces of passive exhalation

Answer 44

1. gravity: pulls down viscera and ribs 2. elasticity: spongy lung tissue returns to natural shape 3. torque: inhalation twists ribs, so ribs want to untwist

Question 45

Life vs. Speech Breathing

Answer 45

See table 1.3 on p. 14

Question 46

nervous system control of respiration

Answer 46

-medulla in brainstem -O2 and CO2 receptors -In smooth muscles of tracheobronchi: pulmonary stretch receptors (PSR) rapidly adapting receptors (RARs) -Breathing for speech adds: primary motor and sensory cortex, cerebellum, thalamus and limbic system