A&P Practical 1 Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Anterior
A
Front
2
Q
Posterior
A
Back
3
Q
Superficial
A
Near the surface
4
Q
Deep
A
Away from the surface
5
Q
(think in height)
Superior
A
Above
6
Q
Inferior
A
Below
7
Q
Medial
A
Towards the midline
8
Q
Lateral
A
Away from the midline
9
Q
Ventral
A
Related to the belly
10
Q
Dorsal
A
Related to the back
11
Q
(think approximately)
Proximal
A
Near to
12
Q
(think distance)
Distal
A
Far from
13
Q
Anatomical position
A
Body upright, feet hip distance apart, arms by one’s side, face forward, hands rotated; palms forward
14
Q
Cephalic
A
Head
15
Q
Cranial
A
Skull
16
Q
Facial
A
Face
17
Q
Cervical
A
Neck
18
Q
Thoracic
A
Chest
19
Q
Sternal
A
Sternum
20
Q
Pectoral
A
Lateral to sternum
21
Q
Umbilical
A
Navel
22
Q
Inguinal
A
Groin
23
Q
Pubic
A
Genitals
24
Q
Nuchal
A
Back of the neck
25
# what is my scapula?
Scapular
Shoulder blade
26
Vertebral
Midline of back
27
Lumbar
Lower back
28
Sacral
Bottom of the spine
29
Gluteal
Buttock
30
Perineal
Between anus & genitals
31
Acromial
Shoulder
32
Axillary
Armpit
33
Brachial
Arm
34
Cubital
Anterior elbow
35
Antebrachial
Forearm
36
Carpal
Wrist
37
Palmar
Palm
38
Femoral
Thigh
39
Patellar
Knee
40
Popliteral
Posterior knee
41
Tarsal
Ankle
42
Pedal
Foot
43
# what part of your foot do you plant your foot on?
Plantar
Sole
44
# where can you get caluses?
Calcaneal
Heel
45
Homeostasis
body's internal environment
46
Negative feedback loop
Opposes change in variable
47
Positive feedback loop
Increases the response after a change in regulated variable (clotting when you get a cut)
48
Gradient
Gradual change in a variable's characteristic across a certain area or distance (temperature, concentration, pressure)
49
Cell-cell communication
ensures homeostasis of the tissues/organs is maintained
one of two ways:
1. signaling
2. transduction
50
Type of signaling
Transmitted between neighboring cells - short-distance (Paracrine & Contact dependent)
Transmitted to distant cells to cause an effect - long-distance (Paracrine & Endocrine)
51
4 tissue types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
52
Epithelial tissue
Continuous sheets of cells made up of different cell layers and shapes
2 layers: simple or stratified
3 cell shapes: squamous, cuboidal, columnar
53
Connective tissue
Scattered cells and fibers
Two components: specialized cells & extracellular matrix
54
Types of Connective Tissue
- Fibrous
- Adipose
- Blood
- Cartilage
- Elastic
- Fibrocartilage
- Hyaline
- Bone
55
Elastic cartilage
- Contains elastic fibers
- Flexible support
- Example: Outer ear
56
Fibrocartilage
- Organized collagen fibers
- Shock absorption
- Example: Intervertebral discs
57
Hyaline cartilage
- Unseen collagen fibers
- Semi-rigid support that doesn't require elasticity
- Example: Articular cartilage, knee
58
Connective tissue function
- Structural framework
- Transport of substances
- Protection
- Energy storage
59
5 main reasons we need skin
Protection
Temp. homeostasis
Sensation
Excretion
Vitamin D Synthesis
60
Layers of the skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
61
Epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Superficial layer
Made up of epithelial tissue
62
Where is stratified tissue found?
Mouth, vagina, esophagus, anal canal
* Better bc it's more protected
63
Where is simple tissue found?
Internal surfaces of the body
- Lining the digestive tract
- Respiratory surfaces (lungs)
- Kidneys
- Various ducts and glands
64
Where is a cuboidal epithelium found?
Liver, thyroid, gland, mammary
65
Where is a squamous epithelium found?
Outer layer of skin, lining of mouth & esophagus, & lungs
66
Where is a columnar epithelium found?
- Bronchi
- Fallopian tubes
67
Dermis
Made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves
68
Hypodermis
Subcutaneous layer
Anchors skin to the muscle & bone
Contains a layer of adipose (fat) and loose connective tissue
69
Integument accessory structures
Sweat glands
Hair
Nails
Sensory receptors
Arrector pili muscles
70
Layers of the Epidermis
(Come Let's Get Sun Burned)
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
71
Thick skin vs. thin skin
- Soles and palms
- 5 layers
vs.
- Everywhere else
- 4 layers
72
Epidermal pigments
Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
73
Layers of the Dermis
Papillary layer
- Loose connective tissue
Reticular layer
- Dense irregular connective tissue
- Pacinian corpuscles - pressure migration
74
Sweat
Mostly water
Salts & Vitamin D
Metabolic waste
Fatty acids & proteins
75
Sebum
Waxy/oily mixture of lipids + cell debris
Hydrophobic barrier
76
Osteoblasts
Lay down calcium-rich bone matrix
Bone deposition (osteogenesis)
Longitudinal (in epiphyseal line) & appositional growth (in periosteum)
77
Osteocytes
Sits in lacunae
Connected by canaliculi
Maintains the matrix by signaling between osteoblasts and osteoclasts
78
Osteoclasts
Breaks down bone in bone matrix Bone resorption (Osteolysis)
Contains lots of nuclei
79
Bone matrix
A component of bone tissue made up of inorganic and organic fibers
Collagen - solid structure
Calcium & phosphate
Within the endosteum
80
Inorganic fibers of the bone matrix
Mineral crystals
- Hydroxyapatite: Ca+2 & phosphate
- Makes bones hard, provides strength, & resists compression
W/O it- can't resist
81
Organic fibers of the bone matrix
- Collagen fibers & ground substance
- Makes bones strong
W/O it- Brittle & shatter
82
Compact bone
Forms the hard dense surface of our bones
Resists compression and twisting
Strength and hardness
83
Osteon
A set of concentric lamellae surrounding a Haversian canal
3 subgroups:
- Central canal (Haversian)
- Lamellae
- Lacuna
84
Haversian canal
Central channel containing blood vessels and nerves
85
Lamellae
Concentric rings of bone matrix surrounding the Haversian canal
86
Lacuna
Small pocket that contains an osteocyte
87
Canaliculi
Small channels linking lacunae to blood vessels and other lacunae
88
Spongy bone
Honeycomb-like framework
Makes bones lighter
Composed of trabeculae
Spaces filled with bone marrow (short, irregular, flat bones)
89
Long bone
Longer than they are wide
Examples:
- Arm and leg bones
90
Short bone
Nearly equal length and width
Examples:
- Wrist and ankle bones
91
Flat bones
Rather thin, broad bones that typically enclose and protect soft organs
Examples:
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Cranial
92
Irregular bones
Complex shapes that do not fit in one of the other 3 categories
Examples:
- Pelvis
- Facial bones
93
Epiphysis
The end of the bone
94
Diaphysis
The central shaft
95
Epiphyseal plate
Where growth in bone length occurs, located in the epiphysis
96
Marrow cavity
The hollow portion of the diaphysis, containing bone marrow or fat
97
Articular cartilage
Layer of cartilage on the ends of the bone that provides a smooth surface for joint movement without bone-to-bone friction
98
Suture
A joint between bones that make up the skull
99
Foramen
Hole in the bone
100
Fossa
Indentation in a bone into which another structure fits
(Ex: Intercondylar fossa)
101
Process
Prominent bony projection
102
Condyle
Rounded end of a bone that articulates with another bone
(Ex: Lateral condyle)
103
Head
Round projection from a bones epiphysis
(Ex: humerus head)
104
Girdle
Surrounds and supports something
(Ex: Pectoral girdle - clavicle & scapula)
105
Maxilla
Forms the anterior portion of the hard palate
106
Mandibular fossa
Articulates with mandibular condyle
107
Mandibular condyle
Articulates with mandibular fossa on temporal bone
108
Occipital condyle
Articulates with first vertebra
109
Foramen magnum
Exit for spinal cord
110
Hyoid bone
Doesn't articulate with any bone; important for tongue muscle attachment & suspension of the larnyx
111
Clavicle
Part of pectoral girdle; forms the only bone articulation of the girdle with the axial skeleton
112
Scapula
Part of pectoral girdle
113
Acromion
Articulates with the clavicle
114
Glenoid fossa
Articulates with humerus
115
Humerus head
Articulates with glenoid fossa of scapula
116
Olecranon fossa
Articulates with olecranon process of ulna; indicates the back side of humerus
117
Capitulum
Articulates with head of radius
118
Trochlea
Articulates with trochlear notch of the ulna
119
Radius head
Articulates with the capitulum
120
Styloid process
The medial/lateral side of the ulnar head; helps stabilize the joint
121
Ilium
Forms the top part of the pelvic bone
122
Greater sciatic notch
Deep groove within the spine
123
Acetabulum
Articulates within the femur to form hip joint
124
Obturator foramen
Carries nerves and vessels to lower limb
125
Sacrum
Consists of 5 fused vertebrae; part of the axial skeleton
126
Coccyx
Consists of 4-5 fused vertebrae; part of axial skeleton
127
Ischium
A posteroinferior portion of the pelvic bone
128
Pubic symphysis
Cartilage pad between pubic bones
129
Femur head
Articulates with the acetabulum
130
Medial/lateral condyle
Articulates with tibia to form knee joint
131
Intercondylar fossa
132
Medial/lateral malleolus
the "bump" on the inside of the ankle
133
Fibula head
Articulates with the tibia near the knee
134
Talus
Articulates with tibia and fibula
135
Calcaneous
Forms the heel; calcaneal tendon attaches to bone
136
Joint
Any location where to bones interact
137
Tenden
Connects muscle to bone/other structure
138
Ligament
Connects one bone to another; reinforcer
139
Articular cartilage
Layer of hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis that prevents bony surfaces from directly contacting one another
140
Joint cavity
Space separating the articular cartilage
141
Joint capsure
Fibrous enclosure around the joint
142
Examples of immovable joints
Sutures, gomphoses, epiphyseal plates
143
Examples of slightly movable joints
Ribs, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
144
Examples of freely movable joints
Shoulder, elbow, hip, knee
145
Synovial fluid
Lubricating fluid filling cavity
146
Meniscus
Cartilage pads, in some joints; provide shock absorption and improved fit between the bones
147
Bursa
Small connective tissue packets containing synovial fluid that minimizes friction between tendons and bone, or between skin and bone
