A + P Reproductive System II

Question 1

female reproductive cycle

• two cycles
• other components that affect the reproductive cycle

Answer 1

ovarian cycle
uterine cycle
other
-hormonal changes that regulate them
-cyclical changes in the breasts and the cervix

Question 2

ovarian cycle

• what is it
• phases

Answer 2

a series of events associated with the maturation and release of an ovum
phases
-follicular phase
-ovulation
-luteal phase

Question 3

follicular phase

-days

Answer 3

period of follicular growth in the ovary

most variable in length, from 10-14 days

Question 4

ovulation

-days

Answer 4

once the follicle has ripened, the ovary releases the ovum

occurs approximately on day 14

Question 5

luteal phase

-days

Answer 5

days 15-28

Question 6

luteal phase

-if fertilization and implantation do not occur

Answer 6

corpus luteum degenerates
decreased secretion of progesterone and estrogens
-causes shedding of the stratum functionalis
-initiates another uterine and ovarian cycle

Question 7

luteal phase

-if fertilization and implantation do occur

Answer 7

will occur within 24 hours after ovulation
corpus luteum is maintained until the placents takes over its hormone-producing function
during this time th ecorpus luteum secretes estrogens and progesterone to support pregnancy and breast development for lactation
this interrupts the menstrual cycle and prevents the loss of the stratum functionalis
once the placenta begins its secretion, the corpus luteum will degenerate

Question 8

uterine (menstrual) cycle

Answer 8

involves changes in the endometrium to prepare for the reception of a fertilized ovum
highly variable duration from 20-45 days (28 is average)

Question 9

uterine cycle phases

Answer 9

menses (menstruation)
proliferative phase
secretory phase

Question 10

menses

• days
• 1st day
• stratum functionalis
• secondary follicles

Answer 10

first 3-7 days of the cycle
1st day of menstruation or blooding considered 1st day of the cycle
during this phase, the stratum functionalis is shed, which discharges blood tissue fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells
small secondary follicles in each ovary begin to develop from primary follicles

Question 11

proliferative phase

• days
• endometrium

Answer 11

lasts from days 6-13 in a 28-day cycle

endometrium adds a new layer of cells (stratum basalis) in anticipation of implantation of a fertilized ovum

Question 12

secretory phase

• days
• after ovulation
• if no pregnancy

Answer 12

usually on day 14 in a 28-day cycle
after ovulation, hormones from the corpus luteum convert the stratum basalis into a secretory structure and the stratum functionalis is formed
if no pregnancy occurs during this phase, the stratum functionalis is prepared to be released again during menses

Question 13

when does hormonal regulation of the female reproductive cycle begin

Answer 13

onset of puberty

Question 14

hormones involved in the female reproductive cycle

Answer 14

GnRH
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
leutenizing hormone (LH)
estrogens
progesterone
relaxin
inhibin

Question 15

GnRH

• from
• controls
• stimulates

Answer 15

from the hypothalamus
controls ovarian and uterine cycles
stimulates the relase of FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary gland

Question 16

follicle-stimulating hormone

-stimulates

Answer 16

stimulates

• secretion of estrogens by the ovaries
• initial development of ovarian follicles
• full development of at least one follicle each month to produce a mature ovum

Question 17

leutenizing hormone

-stimulates

Answer 17

stimulates

• further development of ovarian follicles
• ovulation
• secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries

Question 18

estrogens

• how many
• functions

Answer 18

at least 6 different estrogens have been isolated from the plasma of human females
functions
-development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, menstruation, secondary sex characteristics
-regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
-stimulation of protein synthesis

Question 19

progesterone

• works with
• function

Answer 19

works with estrogens to prepare the endometrium for implantation and the mammary glands for milk synthesis

Question 20

relaxin

• when is it produced
• function
• during pregnancy

Answer 20

produced monthly to relax the uterus by inhibiting contractions
-makes it easier for a fertilized ovum to implant in the uterus
during pregnancy, relaxin relaxes the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix to facilitate delivery

Question 21

inhibin

• function
• might be important for

Answer 21

inhibits secretion of FSH and GnRH and, to a lesser extent, LH
might be important in decreasing secretion of FSH and LH toward the end of the uterine cycle

Question 22

what is pregnancy

Answer 22

sequence of events that normally includes fertilization, implantation, embryonic growth, and fetal growth, that ends with birth about 28 weeks later

Question 23

fertilization

• how
• where does it occur
• within what time after ovulation
• spermatazoa
• when a sperm enters the ovum

Answer 23

the genetic material from a haploid sperm cell and a haploid ovum merge into a single diploid nucleus
normally occurs 1/3 of the way down the uterine tube, usually within 12-24 hours after ovulation
spermatazoa swims up the uterus and into the uterine tube by the whiplike movements of their tails and muscular contractions of the uterus
once a sperm enters the ovum, the male and female pronuclei fuse to form the fertilized ovum or zygote

Question 24

identical (monozygotic) twins

• derived from
• contain

Answer 24

derived from a single fertilized ovum that splits at an early stage in development
contain exactly the same genetic material and are always the same sex

Question 25

fraternal (dizygotic) twins - produced from - they are - consequently

Answer 25

produced from the independent release of two ova and the subsequent fertilization of each by different spermatazoa they are the same age and are in the uterus at the same time, but are as genetically dissimilar as other siblings consequently, fraternal twins can be different sexes

Question 26

hatching - what happens - zygote becomes knows as - -around what time - embryoblast and trophoblast turn into

Answer 26

zygote continues to divide, creating an inner group of cells (embryoblast) with an outer shell (trophoblast) at this stage the zygote becomes known as a blastocyst (around day 5) embryoblast cells will become the embryo trophoblast cells will become the placents that nourishes and protects the embryo

Question 27

implantation - attachment of - -when does it occur

Answer 27

attachment of a blastocyst to the endometrium occurs 7-8 days after fertilization called implantation

Question 28

embryonic and fetal development | -divisions

Answer 28

first trimester second trimester third trimester

Question 29

first trimester - when - first two months

Answer 29

0-3 months | first two months is the embryonic period

Question 30

embryonic period - what happens - by the end

Answer 30

time during which the embryo is developed | by the end of this time, the rudiments of the principal organs are formed, and the placenta is functioning

Question 31

parts of the embryo

Answer 31

amnion placenta umbilical cord

Question 32

amnion - visual - forms by - as the embryo grows - usually ruptures when

Answer 32

thin, protective membrane forms by day 8 of fertilization as the embryo grows, the amnion entirely surrounds the embryo, creating a cavity that becomes filled with amniotic fluid amnion usually ruptures during labor and expels fluid

Question 33

placenta - formed by - happens by - functions

Answer 33

formed by the chorion of the embryo and a portion of the endometrium of the mother by the end of the embryonic period functions -allows O2 and nutrients to diffuse into fetal blood from maternal blood and CO2 and wastes to diffuse from fetal blood into maternal blood -provides protection, since most microorganisms cannot cross it -stores nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, Ca2+, and Fe, which are released into fetal circulation as required produces several hormones that are necessary during pregnancy

Question 34

umbilical cord - what is it - consists of

Answer 34

vascular connection between the placenta and fetus consists of -two umbilical arteries carrying deoxygenated fetal blood to the placents -one umbilical vein carrying oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

Question 35

when does the embryo name change | what does it change to

Answer 35

from the start of the third month until birth, the embryo is referred to as a fetus remainder of pregnancy is knows as the fetal period

Question 36

second trimester - time - what happens - by 6th month

Answer 36

4-6 months continued development of organs and organ systems by 6th month, fetus begins to look like a small human

Question 37

third trimester - time - what happens - by early 7th month

Answer 37

7-9 months rapid fetal growth and deposition of adipose tissue most major organs functionby by early 7th month

Question 38

labor | -what is it

Answer 38

process by which the fetus is expelled from the uterus through the vagins

Question 39

what primarily controls the onset of labor

Answer 39

hormone oxytocin

Question 40

stages of labor

Answer 40

dilation stage expulsion stage placental stage

Question 41

dilation stage - what is it - lasts - characteristics of uterine contractions - rupture of amniotic sac

Answer 41

onset of contractions to complete dilation of cervix (10 cm) typically lasts from 6-12 hours regular contraction of the uterus -early on they may be 10-30 minutes apart lasting 20-30 seconds -progress to under 2-3 minutes lasting 60 seconds rupture of amniotic sac may happen naturally or could be done manually, which may speed up labor

Question 42

expulsion stage - when does it occur? - length - what will decrease the time?

Answer 42

from complete cervical dilation to delivery may last from a few minutes to several hours time in this last stage may be decreased with additional deliveries

Question 43

placental stage - when - what facilitates delivery of the placenta

Answer 43

from delivery of baby to delivery of placenta (afterbirth) | powerful uterine contractions facilitate delivery of placenta

Question 44

Cesarean section (c-section) - involves - when are they necessary

Answer 44

involves making an abdominal incision into the uterine through which the baby can be removed often necessary -if baby is to big -baby is aligned incorrectly for vaginal delivery -to prevent possible complications during labor

Question 45

maternal changes during pregnancy

Answer 45

``` corpus luteum placenta uterine enlargement skin miscellaneous changes cardiovascular modifications pulmonary modifications ```

Question 46

corpus luteum - when - what happens

Answer 46

during the first 3-4 months of pregnancy, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogens to maintain the uterine lining and prepare the mammary glands to secrete milk

Question 47

placenta | -function

Answer 47

once formed, the placenta takes over the corpus luteum's role and provides high levels of progesterone and estrogens for the remainder of the pregnancy

Question 48

uterine enlargement | -what happens

Answer 48

uterus continuously enlarges, filling first the pelvic and then the abdominal cavity, displacing and compressing a number of structures pressure on the bladder increases frequency and urgency of urination

Question 49

skin | -what happens

Answer 49

increased pigmentation, and striae (stretch marks) develop over the abdomen as the uterus enlarges

Question 50

miscellaneous changes

Answer 50

``` weight gain increased appetite increased protein, fat, and mineral storage breast enlargement lower back pain possible nausea, vomiting, and heartburn ```

Question 51

cardiovascular modifications

Answer 51

increased BV, SV, HR, and Q

Question 52

pulmonary modifications

Answer 52

increased VT and VE, and bronchodilation