Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A + P Exam 5 > A + P Respiratory System > Flashcards

A + P Respiratory System Flashcards

(75 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

respiratory system main purposes

A

delivery of O2 to blood
removal of CO2 from blood
maintain acid-base balance in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

respiratory system parts

A

passage of air into the lungs
lungs
muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

passage of air into the lungs

A

air enters the nostrils and passes through the nasopharynx
and/or
air enters the mouth and passes through the pharynx
air travels through the larynx (voice box)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

air passage continued

A

air travels through the trachea down to the lungs
trachea divides into right and left bronchi, each of which extend into a respective lung
each bronchus divides into smaller bronchioles
each bronchiole contains several alveolar sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

alveolar sacs

  • visual characteristics
  • function
A

visual
-membranous sacs surrounded by pulmonary capillaries
function
-serve as sites for gas exchange (O2 and CO2) with pulmonary circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

larynx primary structures

A

epiglottis

glottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

epiglottis

  • visual characteristics
  • function
A

visual
-flap of elastic cartilage
function
-guards the entrance of the glottis to prevent food/drink/objects from entering the airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

glottis

A

a combination of the vocal folds/cords and the space between the folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lung “tissue” characteristic

  • composition
  • -composition
A

fairly elastic
composition
-bronchioles and alveoli
–contain specialized epithelium and smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

bronchioles

-tissue composition

A

tissue

-mostly cartilaginous to provide rigidity to the airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

large vs. small bronchioles

A

large
-lined with ciliated simple columnar cells
small
-lined with simple cuboidal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

goblet cells and seromucous glands

  • location
  • function
A

location
-present in all bronchioles
function
-produce mucous that capture foreign substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

bronchiole epithelium

  • surrounded by…
  • function of surroundings
A

surrounded by bands of smooth muscle

constrict to help force air out of the lungs or relax to allow air into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

alveoli tissue

A

simple squamous epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

macrophages

  • location
  • function
A

location
-within alveoli
function
-engulf, digest, and remove foreign and/or harmful substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

right vs. left lung structure

A

right lung is separated into three lobes (superior, middle, inferior) by the horizontal and oblique fissures
the left lung is separated into two lobes (superior and inferior) by the oblique fissure
the left lung has a cardiac notch along its medial border to accommodate the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does each lobe receive its air supple

A

via bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how are lobes divided

A

divided into small sections and lobules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pleurae

-divisions

A 
double-walled sac that each lung is enveloped in
divisions
-visceral pleura
-parietal pleura
-pleural cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

visceral pleura

  • location
  • function
A

the inner wall

covers lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

parietal pleura

  • location
  • function
A

the outer wall

adheres to the thoracic wall (ribs, diaphragm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pleural cavity

  • location
  • function
A

between each membrane

contains serous fluid (created by each membrane) that helps adhere lungs to thoracic wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

muscles

A

diaphragm
internal intercostals
external intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

diaphragm

  • divides…
  • contraction…
  • relaxation
A

divides thoracic cavity from abdomen
contraction of diaphragm depresses to bottom wall of the thoracic cavity, thereby expanding the volume of the thoracic cavity for inhalation
relaxation of diaphragm elevates the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity, thereby reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity for exhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
intercostals - location - function
attached to ribs | assist lung ventilation (breathing)
26
external intercostals | -function
elevate ribs during resting and forced inhalation
27
internal intercostals | -function
depress ribs during forced exhalation
28
resting exhalation
passive, elastic process that should not require contraction of the internal intercostals
29
movement of air depends on
pressure differences between the atmosphere and the spaces inside the lungs
30
what are the two pressures
intrapleural pressure | intrapulmonary pressure
31
intrapleural pressure
air pressure within the pleural cavity
32
intrapulmonary pressure
air pressure within the alveoli
33
Boyle's Law
increased volume = decreased pressure | decreased volume = increased volume
34
Boyle's Law and ventilation | -2 parts
inspiration | expiration
35
inspiration
- diaphragm and external intercostals contract, increasing volume of the thoracic cavity - intrapleural pressure decreases which drops intrapulmonary pressure - atmospheric air pressure is now higher than intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures creating a vacuum inside the lung - atmospheric air is sucked inside, inflating the lungs - O2 supply
36
expiration
elastic nature of lungs and thoracic cavity, relaxation of diaphragm, and possibly contraction of internal intercostals decrease volume of the thoracic cavity intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures increase atmospheric pressure is now lower than intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures air is consequently forced out of lungs
37
inspired air composition
``` N2 = 79% O2 = 20.9% CO2 = CO2 = 0.03% H2O = the rest (0.5%) ```
38
expired air composition
``` N2 = 75% O2 = 15% CO2 = 4% H2O = 6% ```
39
inspired air partial pressures
``` PlO2 = 150 mmHg PlCO2 = 0 mmHg ```
40
alveolar blood partial pressures
``` PAO2 = 102 mmHg PACO2 = 40 mmHg ```
41
Arterial blood partial pressures
``` PaO2 = 102 mmHg PaCO2 = 40 mmHg ```
42
mixed venous blood partial pressures
``` PvO2 = 40 mmHg PvCO2 = 46 mmHg ```
43
title volume (Vt) - resting - aerobic
``` the volume of air inspired/expired each breath resting -about 0.5 L/breath aerobic exercise -2-4 L/breath ```
44
frequency (f) - resting - aerobic exercise
``` the number of breaths taken per minute resting -8-12 bpm aerobic exercise -50-60 bpm ```
45
(minute) ventilation (Ve) - resting - aerobic exercise
``` the volume of expired air per minute (Ve = Vt x f) resting -6 L/min aerobic exercise -150-200 L/mind ```
46
total lung capacity | -average
the maximum lung volume (not entirely usable, however) average -5-6 L
47
``` residual volume (RV) -average ```
the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum exhalation (i.e. a reserve air supply average -1.0 L
48
forced vital capacity - also known as - affected by
``` the largest volume of air you can possibly expire in a single exhalation (FVC = TLC - RV) also know as Vital Capacity (VC) greatly affected by -gender -age -height -restrictive pulmonary diseases ```
49
forced expiration volume in 1, 2, or 3 seconds (FEV1.0, FEV2.0, FEV3.0) -affected by
``` the volume of your FVC that can be expired in 1, 2, or 3 seconds greatly affected -gender -age -height -obstructive pulmonary diseases ```
50
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
the maximum expired volume after normal expiration
51
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
the maximum inspired volume after normal inspiration
52
inspiratory capacity (IC)
the volume between normal expiration and the upper limits of TLC -many pulmonary diseases affect this
53
functional reserve capacity(FRC)
the remaining lung volume after normal expiration
54
gas exchange and transport are...
integrated processes that sustain metabolism - loading O2 into the blood on Hemoglobin (Hb) at the alveoli - removing CO2 from the blood at the alveoli - trasporting O2 to the tissues and unloading it - loading CO2 from the tissues into the blood and transporting it to the alveoli
55
factors that affect gas exchange
``` partial pressure gradients barriers to diffusion diffusion distance molecule size and viscosity of medium RBC transit time ventilation (Va)/Perfusion (Q) ratio ```
56
barriers to diffusion
``` surfactant alveolar epithelium interstitial space capillary basement membrane capillary endothelium ```
57
diffusion distance
further O2 has to go, the longer it takes and less will be loaded
58
molecule size and viscosity of medium
CO2 diffuses 2x faster than O2 because it's more soluble in H2O, even though O2 is smaller
59
RBC transit time
within capillary, transit time is 0.75 seconds at rest, down to 0.25 seconds with maximal exercise
60
ventilation (Va)/perfusion (Q) ratio
represents the relative efficiency of gas exchange from alveoli to blood -ideal score is 1.0 (unit-less number) lung blood flow is much greater in lower portion than upper portion, so Va/Q changes depending on the anatomical section of the lung
61
oxygen transport
O2 diffuses from alveoli into RBC -within RBC, O2 binds to hemoglobin 95% of O2 is carried by Hb within RBC -remaining 5% O2 is dissolved in solution (PO2) --although small, this is important because it is used to monitor ventilation increases in 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), H+, CO2, and temperature induce O2 loading in the muscles O2 unloaded into muscles on Myoglobin (Mb) for use in mitochondrial respiration
62
carbon dioxide transport
CO2 diffuses from muscle into RBC 5% dissolved in solution (PCO2) -very important because it is what is monitored for purposes of ventilation 5% carried by Hb -called carbaminohemoglobin -remaining CO2 converted to H+ and bicarbonate (HCO3-)
63
how is CO2 converted
CO2 + H2O --> H+ + HCO3 HCo3 binds to Hb for transport to lungs H+ "buffered" via binding to proteins in plasma and Hb in RBC -important because sizeable amounts of CO2 can be transported in blood to lungs without substantially altering pH at lungs, above reaction is reversed to produce CO2 and H2O, which diffuses into alveoli and is expired
64
ventilation regulation - controlled by - modified by
controlled by -ventilatory centers (medulla oblongata and pons) in brain (feed-forward system) modified by -sensory receptors in periphery (feedback system)
65
ventilatory centers | -primarily responsible for
primarily responsible for "Anticipatory Rise" in Ve SNS (Epi and Norepi) elicits bronchodilation to increase airflow into lungs PSNS elicits bronchoconstriction to decrease airflow into lungs
66
feedback system - mechanoreceptors - chemoreceptors
mechanoreceptors in muscles often dictate rapid rises or sudden drops in Ve due to increase or absence of muscle contraction chemoreceptors in vessels are responsible for gradual increases, decreases, and plateaus in Ve due to changes in PCO2, pH, lactate, glucose, and catecholamines
67
what is the primary feedback variable used to dictate Ve
PCO2
68
homeostatic imbalances
``` pneumonia cyctic fibrosis asthma/bronchitis emphysema chronic bronchitis ```
69
pneumonia
``` an infection of the alveoli caused by bacteria or viruses tissue fluids (due to the inflammatory response) accumulate in the alveoli, which reduces the surface area exposed to air and ultimately, inhibits the intake of O2 and removal of CO2 from the blood ```
70
cystic fibrosis
a defective gene can cause the lungs and pancreas to produce abnormally thick and sticky mucus this mucus builds up in the bronchi and bronchioles in the lungs and in the pancreas, which provides a fertile breeding ground for pathogenic fungi and bacteria restrictive lung disease
71
asthma/bronchitis
an inflammatory constriction of the bronchi and bronchioles that inhibits airflow into and out of the lungs asthma attacks can be triggered by airborne irritants such as chemical fumes and smoke, airborne allergens, and possibly the turbulence of airflow through the bronchi and bronchioles
72
emphysema
degredation of the alveolar epithelium, which reduces the surface area of the lungs that can participate in gas exchange the immediate cause of emphysema seems to be the release of proteolytic enzymes as part of the inflammatory process that follows irritation of the lungs the condition develops slowly and is seldom a direct cause of death however, the gradual loss of gas-exchange area forces the heart to pump ever-larger volumes of blood to the lungs in order to satisfy the body's needs the added strain can lead to heart failure
73
chronic bronchitis
any irritant that reaches the bronchi and bronchioles will stimulate an increased secretion of mucus in chronic bronchitis the air passages become clogged with mucus, which leads to a persistent cough chronic bronchitis is usually associated with cigarette smoking
74
vocal cord dysfunction
can be mistaken for asthma | same S/S
75
combo of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
knows as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders (COPD) | smoking is the #1 cause of COPD

A + P Exam 5 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions