A&P Section 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the anatomical position?
A
The standard body position that serves as the reference point to describe body parts and position accurately.
2
Q
Describe the anatomical position?
A
The subject is standing erect, legs together and feet slightly apart, arms at the sides with palms facing the front, and with thumbs away from the body.
3
Q
What are directional terms?
A
Directional terms describes the locations of structures in relation other structures in the body.
4
Q
What are the directional terms?
A
Superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, deep, and superficial.
5
Q
What does superior refer to?
A
Superior refers to towards the head or upper part of a structure or body.
6
Q
What does inferior / caudal refer to?
A
Inferior refers to away from the head or lower part of a structure.
7
Q
What does anterior / ventral refer to?
A
Anterior refers to toward the front of the body, organ, or section of the body.
8
Q
What does medial refer to?
A
Medial refers to towards the middle of the body, organ, or section of the body.
9
Q
What does posterior / dorsal refer to?
A
Posterior refers to towards the back of the body, organ, or section of the body.
10
Q
What does lateral refer to?
A
Lateral refers to towards the side of the body, organ, or section of the body.
11
Q
What is ipsilateral and contralateral refer to?
A
Ipsilateral is on the same side of the body while contralateral is on opposite sides of the midline.
12
Q
What does proximal refer to?
A
Proximal refers to closest to the point of attachment when going towards the attachment.
13
Q
What does distal refer to?
A
Distal refers to away from the point of attachment.
14
Q
What does deep refer to?
A
Deep refers to towards the internal portion of the body.
15
Q
What does superficial refer to?
A
Superficial refers to away from the internal portion of the body
16
Q
What are planes?
A
Planes are imaginary lines drawn through an upright body.
17
Q
What are the types of planes?
A
Sagittal, frontal / coronal, and transvers / cross sectional.
18
Q
What are sagittal planes?
A
Sagittal planes are vertical lines that divide the body into right or left sections.
19
Q
What are the types of sagittal planes?
A
Midsagittal and parasagittal
20
Q
What is the midsagittal plane?
A
The midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right parts.
21
Q
What is the parasagittal plane.
A
The parasagittal plane divides the body into unequal left and right parts.
22
Q
What is the frontal or coronal plane?
A
The frontal plane is a vertical line that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
23
Q
What is the transverse plane?
A
The transverse plane divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions.
24
Q
What are body cavities?
A
Body cavities are spaces of the body containing the internal organs.
25
List the 2 body cavities
The 2 body cavities are the ventral cavity and dorsal cavity.
26
What is the ventral cavity?
The more anterior body cavity, containing the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.
27
How are the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity separated?
The diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle of respiration, separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
28
What is the thoracic cavity
The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs and is superior to the diaphragm.
29
How is the thoracic cavity divided?
The thoracic cavity is divided into 2 pleural cavities, the superior mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity.
30
What are the 2 pleural cavities?
The left and right pleural cavities which contains the lungs.
31
What is the superior mediastinum?
The superior mediastinum is the space between the 2 pleural cavities.
32
What is the pericardial cavity?
The pericardial cavity is the space the contains the heart.
33
What is the abdominopelvic cavity?
The abdominopelvic cavity is inferior to the diaphragm and contains the abdominal and pelvic cavity.
34
What is the abdominal cavity?
The abdominal cavity contains the abdominal organs which are the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys, large intestine, and adrenal glands
35
What is the pelvic cavity?
The pelvic cavity lies in the bony pelvis and is the space that contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum.
36
What is the dorsal body cavity?
The dorsal body cavity is the more posterior cavity containing the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity.
37
What is the cranial cavity?
The cranial cavity contains the brain and its membranes.
38
What is the vertebral cavity?
The vertebral cavity contains the spinal cord and its membranes
39
What are body membranes?
Body membranes are thin sheets of tissue that lines body cavities and cover internal organs.
40
What are the two types of body membranes?
Parietal and visceral membranes.
41
What is the parietal membrane?
The parietal membrane is the serous membrane that lines the cavity walls or outside walls of an organ.
42
What is the visceral membrane?
The visceral membrane is the serous membrane that covers an organ.
43
What are the membranes of the thoracic cavity?
The parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium / epicardium, parietal pleura, and visceral pleura
44
What is the parietal pericardium?
The parietal pericardium lines the pericardial cavity
45
What is the visceral pericardium / epicardium
The visceral pericardium/epicardium covers the heart
46
What is the parietal pleura?
The parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
47
What is the visceral pleura?
The visceral pleura covers the lungs
48
What are the membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity?
The parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum
49
What is the parietal peritoneum?
The parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
50
What is the visceral peritoneum?
The visceral peritoneum covers the stomach, liver, spleen, and parts of your small and large intestines
51
What are the abdominopelvic regions?
The right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac/inguinal region, hypogastric (pubic) region, and the left iliac (inguinal) region
52
Where is right hypochondriac region?
The right hypochondriac regions is located laterally to the epigastric region
53
What organs are included in the right hypochondriac region?
Liver, gall bladder, small intestine, ascending colon, transverse colon, & right kidney
54
Where is the right lumbar region?
The right lumbar region is located laterally to the umbilical region
55
What organs are included in the right lumbar region?
The right lumbar region includes the liver tip, small intestine, ascending colon, & right kidney.
56
Where is the right iliac / inguinal region?
The right iliac / inguinal region is located laterally to the hypogastric / pubic region
57
What organs are included in the right iliac / inguinal region?
The right iliac / inguinal region includes the small intestine, appendix, cecum & ascending colon.
58
Where is the epigastric region?
The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region
59
What organs are in the epigastric region?
The epigastric region has the stomach, liver, small intestine, transverse colon, right/left endocrine glands, pancreas, right/left kidneys, & spleen
60
Where is the umbilical region?
The umbilical region is the center most region
61
What organs are in the umbilical region?
The umbilical region includes the stomach, pancreas, small intestine, transverse colon, right/left kidneys
62
Where is the hypogastric region?
The hypogastric region is inferior to the umbilical region
63
What organs are in the hypogastric / pubic region?
The hypogastric / pubic region includes the small intestine, sigmoid colon, rectum, right/left ovaries, right/left ureters, urinary bladder, testicle
64
Where is the left hypochondriac region?
The left hypochondriac regions is located laterally to the epigastric region
65
What organs included in the left hypochondriac region?
Stomach, liver tip, tail of pancreas, small intestine, transverse colon, descending colon, left kidney, spleen.
66
Where is the left lumbar region?
The left lumbar region is located laterally to the umbilical region
67
What organs are included in the right lumbar region?
The right lumbar region includes small intestine, descending colon, & left kidney tip
68
Where is the left iliac / inguinal region?
The left iliac / inguinal region is located laterally to the hypogastric / pubic region
69
What organs are included in the right iliac / inguinal region?
The left iliac / inguinal region includes the small intestine, descending colon, & sigmoid colon
70
What are the abdominopelvic quadrants?
RUQ (right upper quadrant), LUQ (left upper quadrant), RLQ (right lower quadrant), LLQ (left lower quadrant)
71
What are tissues?
Tissues are a group of cells that have a similar structure and are specialized for a specific function
72
What are the types of tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
73
What is epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that covers a body of surfaces or lines cavities
74
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
Polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, regeneration
75
What is apical-basal polarity?
Epithelial tissue has an exposed apical surface and a basal surface attached to underlying connective tissue
76
Describe the apical surface.
The apical surface can be smooth and have microvilli, used to increase the surface area for absorption, or cilia used to propel substances along the surface.
77
Describe the basal surface.
The basal surface has a supporting sheet called the basal lamina, which consists of glycoproteins and determines what molecules can diffuse from the connective tissue.
78
Describe specialized contacts in epithelial tissue.
In epithelial tissue cells fight closely together by tight junctions (prevent substances from leaking) and desmosomes (keeps cells from tearing apart)
79
Describe epithelial tissue being avascular?
Epithelial tissue is avascular, contains no blood cells, but is innervated, has nerve fibers. This is unique
80
How does epithelial tissue use nerve fibers?
Blood vessels diffuse substances into the epithelial tissue
81
Describe regeneration in epithelial tissue.
Cells in epithelial tissue have a high regeneration capacity using cell division
82
List the cells found in epithelial tissue
Squamous cells, cuboidal cells, and columnar cells
83
Describe squamous cells.
Squamous cells are flattened and scale-like with a disc nucleus.
84
Describe cuboidal cells?
Cuboidal cells are boxlike and are as tall as they are wide with a spherical nucleus
85
Describe columnar cells?
Columnar cells are tall and column-shaped with an elongated nucleus.
86
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Epithelial tissue is classified by shapes and the presence of layers
87
List the classification of epithelial tissue
Simple epithelia (1 layer), stratified epithelia (multiple), and pseudostratified
88
Describe the features of simple squamous epithelial tissue.
Simple squamous epithelium tissue is flattened laterally, square to octagonal shaped, and has a disc-shaped central nucleus
89
Where are simple squamous epithelium located?
Simple squamous epithelium is located in blood vessels, visceral pericardium (lining of the heart, air sacs of the lung, and kidney.
90
What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?
Simple squamous epithelium is responsible for diffusion and filtration and secreting lubricating substances
91
Describe the features of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue.
Simple cuboidal epithelium tissue is single-layered, cube-shaped, and has a spherical central nucleus.
92
Where are simple cuboidal epithelium located?
Simple squamous epithelium is located in kidney tubules, ovary ducts, and secretory portions of small glands.
93
What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Simple cuboidal epithelium is responsible for secretion and absorption.
94
Describe the features of simple columnar epithelial tissue?
Simple columnar epithelium tissue has a singular layer column shaped cells, has goblet cells, microvilli on the apical surface, and an elongated nucleus.
95
Where are simple columnar epithelium located?
Simple columnar epithelium is located GI tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands.
96
What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?
Simple columnar epithelium is responsible for secreting mucus and absorbing nutrients.
97
Describe the features of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue is single-layered, varies in height, nuclei is scattered and has cilia.
98
Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is located in the upper respiratory tract (trachea, nasal cavity, etc.).
99
What are the functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is responsible for secreting mucus and moving substances using ciliary action
100
Describe the features of stratified squamous epithelial tissue.
Stratified squamous epithelium tissue has multiple layers with the apical surface having squamous cells and the deeper layers having cuboidal or columnar
101
Where are stratified squamous epithelium located?
Stratified squamous epithelium is located in the skin, vagina, mouth, esophagus, and rectum.
102
What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelium?
Stratified squamous epithelium is responsible for protecting underlying tissue
103
What are the types of stratified squamous epithelial?
Keratinized (containing keratin) and nonkeratinized
104
Describe stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium tissue has two layers of cuboidal cells and are found in the ducts of sweat and mammary glands.
105
Describe stratified columnar epithelial tissue.
Stratified columnar epithelium tissue is found in the throat, male urethra, some glandular ducts, and junctions between other types of epithelia.
106
Describe the features of transitional epithelial tissue.
Transitional epithelium tissue has dome-shaped cells with a central nucleus
107
Where is transitional epithelium located?
Transitional epithelium is located in the urinary tract (urethra, ureter, and urinary bladder)
108
Transitional epithelium is responsible for stretching and distention
Transitional epithelium is responsible for stretching and distention
109
What is connective tissue?
Connective tissue is a primary tissue with functions that include support, storage, insulating, transportation and protection.
110
What are the types of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood
111
What are two characteristics of ALL connective tissue?
All connect tissue consists of an extracellular matrix and arises from mesenchyme.
112
What is the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
The extracellular matrix in connective tissue contains nonliving material (ground substance and fibers)
113
What are the structural components of connective tissues?
Ground substance, fibers, and cells are the structural components of connective tissue
114
What is the ground substance?
Ground substance is the unstructured material that fills the space between cell and fibers in tissue.
115
What are the components of ground substance?
Interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans
116
What are the fibers of connective tissue?
Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers are found in connective tissue matrix
117
What are collagen fibers?
Collagen fibers are fibers made of collagen that secrete into the matrix spontaneously into cross-linked fibrils and are bundled together.
118
What are the features of collagen fibers?
Collagen fibers are tough and provide high tensile strength (resist being pulled apart) to the matrix.
119
What are elastic fibers?
Elastic fibers are long, thin fibers containing elastin (allowing them to stretch and recoil) that form branching networks in the matrix.
120
What are the features of elastic fibers?
Elastic fibers snap connective tissue back to its normal length and shape and is found in the skin, lungs, and blood vessel walls.
121
What are reticular fibers?
Reticular fibers are short, fine fibers that branch extensively, forming delicate networks that surround small blood vessels and support soft tissue organs.
122
What are the cells of connective tissue?
Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes, leukocytes, mast cells, and macrophages
123
What are the types of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, & blood
124
What is connective tissue proper?
Connective tissue proper are mature connective tissues that connect and support other tissues
125
What are the types of connective tissue?
Loose connective and dense connective tissue
126
What is loose connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue has more ground substance than fibers
127
What are the types of loose connective tissue?
Areolar, adipose, and reticular
128
What is the function of areolar connective tissue?
Areolar connective tissue wraps and cushions organs, its macrophages attack bacteria, and hold and convey tissue fluid
129
Describe areolar connective tissue
Areolar connective tissue has loose fibers with the surrounding ground substance containing fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells
130
Where is the areolar found?
Areolar connective tissue is distributed under the epithelial forming the lamina propria and surrounds capillaries.
131
Describe the ground substance of areolar tissue?
The ground substance is viscous, due to the high concentration of hyaluronic acid, and hinders the movement of cells throughout it.
132
Describe adipose tissue
Adipose tissue is connective tissue that stores fat, has a sparse matrix with adipocytes packed tightly together that pushes the nuclei to the site
133
What is the function of adipose tissue?
Adipose tissue provides energy storage, thermal regulation, and supports and protects organs by absorbing shock
134
Where is adipose tissue found?
Adipose tissue is found under the skin, around the heart and kidney, within the abdomen and behind the eyes
135
What are the types of adipose tissue?
White adipose tissue, stores nutrients for other cells, and brown tissue, uses lipids to generate heat.
Reticular connective tissue
136
Describe reticular connective tissue
Reticular connective tissue has a loose network of reticular fibers with reticular cells scattered throughout.
137
What is the function of reticular tissue?
Reticular connective tissue forms the internal structure of various organs that support white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.
138
Where is reticular connective tissues found?
Reticular connective tissues are found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.
139
What are the types of dense connective tissue?
Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic.
140
Describe dense regular connective tissue
Dense regular connective tissue is closely packed wavy parallel collagen fibers with fibroblast cells.
141
What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?
Dense connective tissue attaches tendons, ligaments, and withstands tensions when being pulled.
142
Where is dense regular connective tissue found?
Dense connective tissue is located in tendons (muscle to bone and most ligaments (bone to bone).
143
Describe dense irregular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue is closely packed wavy irregular arranged thick collagen fibers with fibroblast cells and little elastic fibers.
144
What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?
Dense irregular connective tissue provides structural strength and withstands tension exerted in multiple directions
145
Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?
Dense irregular connective tissue is located in the dermis of the skin, fibrous capsules of joints and organs (kidneys, bones, cartilage, muscles, and nerves).
146
Describe dense elastic connective tissue
Dense elastic connective tissue is closely packed with scattered elastic fibers.
147
What is the function of dense elastic connective tissue?
Dense elastic connective allows tissue to recoil after stretching, maintains flow of blood through arteries, aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration.
148
Where is dense elastic connective tissue found?
Dense elastic connective tissue is located in the walls of large arteries, bronchial tubes (lungs), and ligaments with the vertebral column.
149
What is cartilage tissue?
Cartilage tissue is tough but flexible, avascular but innervated, and has a lot of tissue fluid in its matrix,
150
What cell is found in cartilage tissue?
Chondroblasts are found in growing cartilage with chondrocytes found in mature cartilage
151
What are the types of cartilage tissue?
Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage are the types of cartilage.
152
Describe hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant, has a firm matrix, collagen fibers within form an imperceptible network, and chondrocytes lie in lacunae.
153
What is the function of hyaline cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage provides support and reinforcement, resists compressive stress, and serves a cushion
154
Where can hyaline cartilage be found?
Hyaline cartilage can be found in the nose, trachea, larynx, ends of long bones, connecting the ribs to the sternum, and embryonic skeleton.
155
Describe elastic cartilage
Elastic cartilage is, has a firm matrix, many elastic fibers forming a network, chondrocytes lie in lacunae.
156
What is the function of elastic cartilage?
Elastic cartilage maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
157
Where can elastic cartilage be found?
Elastic cartilage can be found supporting the external ear and epiglottis
158
Describe fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage has a less firm matrix compared to hyaline, thick collagen fibers, and chondrocytes in lacunae
159
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
Fibrocartilage has tensile strength and absorbs shock
160
Where can fibrocartilage be found?
Fibrocartilage can be found in the intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and discs of knee joint
161
Describe bone tissue
Bone tissue has a hard calcified matrix containing collagen fibers, bone salts, and osteocytes in lacunae and is vascularized.
162
What is a special feature of bone tissue?
Bone tissue has structural units, osteons, that surround central canals containing the blood vessels and nerves surround the bone.
163
What is the function of bone tissue?
Bone tissue supports and protects, stores calcium, minerals, and fat, and makes blood.
164
Where is bone tissue found?
Bone tissue is found in bones
165
Describe blood
Blood has fluid matrix (plasma) containing red and white blood cells.
166
Why is blood considered connective tissue?
It develops from mesenchyme
167
What is the function of blood?
Blood transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances, protects, and regulates.
168
Where is blood found?
Blood is found within blood vessels
169
What is muscle tissue?
Muscle tissues are vascularized tissues that are responsible for movement
170
How does muscle enact movement?
Muscle cells have myofilaments that bring about movement or contraction in all cell types.
171
What are the types of muscle movement?
Voluntary muscle (consciously controlled movement) and involuntary muscle (not consciously controlled).
172
What are the types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, cardiac, & smooth
173
Describe skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle is long, cylindrical, and has multinucleate cells with obvious striations (vertical lines)
174
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
Skeletal muscles provide movement and generate heat
175
Where is skeletal muscle tissue located?
Skeletal muscle tissue is attached to bones in the skeletal system
176
Describe cardiac muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue is branched and striated with uninucleate cells that connect at intercalated discs (junctions).
177
What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue?
Cardiac muscle tissue pumps blood through involuntary movement
178
Where is cardiac muscle tissue located?
Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the walls of the heart
179
Describe smooth muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue has no striations, its cells are spindle shaped with one central nucleus and arranged in sheets.
180
What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?
Smooth muscle tissue squeezes substances through organs by contracting and relaxing.
181
Where is smooth muscle tissue located?
Smooth muscle tissue is only found in the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and the GI tract.
182
What is nervous tissue?
Nervous tissue is the main component of the nervous system containing neurons and supporting cells
183
Describe nervous tissue
Nervous tissue contains neurons that branch off, with long neuron process extending from the cell body, and background supporting cells
184
What is the function of neurons?
Neurons respond to stimuli through dendrites and transmits electrical impulses using axons.
185
Where is nervous tissue found?
Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
186
What are the functions of supporting cells (glial cells)
Glial cells support, insulate, and protect the neurons.
187
