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Anatomy and Physiology > A&P Vocabulary > Flashcards

A&P Vocabulary Flashcards

(123 cards)

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

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3
Q

atom

A

the smallest part of an element’ indivisible by ordinary chemical means

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4
Q

cell

A

the basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety of organelles enclosed by a limiting membrane

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5
Q

tissue

A

a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function; primary tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues

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6
Q

organ

A

a part of the body formed of two or more tissues that performs a specialized function

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7
Q

organ system

A

a group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function; e.g., nervous system

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8
Q

organism

A

an individual living thing

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9
Q

integumentary system

A

the skin and its accessory organs

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10
Q

skeletal system

A

system of protection and support composed primarily of bone and cartilage

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11
Q

muscular system

A

organ system consisting of skeletal muscles and their connective tissue attachments

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12
Q

nervous system

A

fast-acting control system that employs nerve impulses to trigger muscle contraction or gland secretion

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13
Q

endocrine system

A

body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones

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14
Q

cardiovascular system

A

organ system that distributes blood to all parts of the body

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15
Q

lymphatic system

A

a system of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs and tissues

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16
Q

respiratory system

A

organ system that carries out gas exchange; includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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17
Q

digestive system

A

system that process food into absorb-able units and eliminates indigestible wastes

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18
Q

urinary system

A

system primarily responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and the removal of nitrogenous wastes from the blood

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19
Q

reproductive system

A

organ system that functions to produce offspring

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20
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

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21
Q

CAT

A

computerized axial tomography

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22
Q

DSR

A

dynamic spatial recontruction

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23
Q

DSA

A

digital subtraction angiography

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24
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

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25
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
26
MRS
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
27
What does this highly organized human body do?
maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental changes, take in and digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce themselves, and grow.
28
movement
all the activities promoted by the muscular system
29
responsiveness (irritability)
the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them; see also irritability
30
irritability
ability to respond to a stimulus
31
digestion
the bodily process of breaking down foods chemically and mechanically
32
metabolism
the sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body
33
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
34
excretion
the elimination of waste products from the body
35
excreta
wastes
36
reproduction
production of offspring
37
growth
increase in size, usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells
38
survival needs
nutrients (food), oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure
39
nutrients
taken in through food, contain the chemicals used for energy and cell building
40
oxygen
required by chemical reaction to release energy from food
41
water
accounts for 60-80% of body weight. provides the fluid base for body secretions and excretions
42
body temperature
must be maintained at around 37*C (98*F)
43
atmospheric pressure
force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air. Breathing and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure
44
homeostasis
a state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body
45
receptor
(1) a peripheral nerve ending specialized for response to particular types of stimuli; (2) molecule that binds specifically with another molecule, e.g., hormones and neurotransmitters.
46
control center
determines the level (set point) at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action
47
afferent pathway
information approaches the control center
48
effector
an organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings
49
efferent pathway
information exists the control center
50
negative feedback mechanisms
feedback that causes the stimulus to decline or end
51
positive feedback mechanisms
feedback that tends to cause a variable to change in the same direction as the initial change; enhances the stimulus
52
anatomical position
body is erect with feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward
53
abdominal
anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
54
acromial
point of shoulder
55
antebrachial
forearm
56
antecubital
anterior surface of elbow
57
axillary
armpit
58
brachial
arm
59
buccal
cheek area
60
carpal
wrist
61
cervical
neck region
62
coxal
hip
63
crural
leg
64
deltoid
curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
65
digital
fingers, toes
66
femoral
thigh
67
fibular
lateral part of leg
68
frontal
forehead
69
inguinal
area where thigh meets body trunk; groin
70
nasal
nose area
71
oral
mouth
72
orbital
eye area
73
patellar
anterior knee
74
pelvic
areas overlying the pelvis anteriorly
75
pubic
genital region
76
sternal
breastbone area
77
tarsal
ankle region
78
thoracic
chest
79
umbilical
navel
80
calcaneal
heel of foot
81
cephalic
head
82
femoral
thigh
83
gluteal
buttock
84
lumbar
area of back between ribs and hips
85
occipital
posterior surface of head
86
olecranal
posterior surface of elbow
87
popliteal
posterior knee area
88
sacral
area between hips
89
scapular
shoulder blade region
90
sural
the posterior surface of lower leg; the calf
91
vertebral
area of spine
92
plantar
pertaining to the sole of the foot
93
sagittal section
cut along the lengthwise, or longitudinal, plane of the body, diving the body into right and left parts
94
frontal section
cut along a lengthwise plane that divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior parts (aka coronal section)
95
transverse section
cut along a horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts (aka cross section)
96
superior (cranial or cephalad)
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
97
inferior (caudal)
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
98
ventral (anterior)
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
99
dorsal (posterior)
toward or at the backside of the body; behind
100
medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
101
lateral
away from the midline of the body; on the outerside of
102
proximal
close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
103
distal
farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
104
superficial (external)
toward or at the body surface
105
deep (internal)
away from the body surface; more internal
106
dorsal
pertaining to the back; posterior
107
cranial
pertaining to the skull
108
ventral
anterior or front
109
thoracic
refers to the chest
110
diaphragm
(1) any partition or wall separating one area from another; (2) a muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
111
mediastinum
the region of the thoracic cavity between the lungs
112
pelvic girdle
incomplete bony basin formed by the two coxal bones that secures the lower limbs to the sacrum of the axial skeleton
113
pelvis
a basin-shaped structure; lower portion of the skeleton of the body trunk
114
umbilical region
the centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)
115
epigastric region
located superior to the umbilical region
116
hypogastric (pubic) region
inferior to the umbilical region
117
right and left iliac (or inguinal) regions
lateral to the hypogatric region
118
right and left lumbar regions
lie lateral to the umbilical region
119
right and left hypochondriac regions
flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs
120
Oral and digestive cavities
The oral cavity, commonly called the mouth, contains the teeth and tongue. This cavity is part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs, which opens to the exterior at the anus.
121
nasal cavity
located within and posterior to the nose, the nasal cavity is part of the respiratory system passageways
122
orbital cavities
orbits in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position
123
middle ear cavities
carved into the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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