A&P1 Test 2

Question 1

Name the four classifications of bones

Answer 1

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones

Question 2

What are the ends of a long bone called?

Answer 2

Epiphysis

Question 3

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

Answer 3

Diaphysis

Question 4

Name the canal in the middle of a long bone

Answer 4

medullary cavity

Question 5

Small channels connecting lacunae, allowing communication and nutrient exchange between osteocytes

Answer 5

Canaliculi

Question 6

A canal in the center of an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves

Answer 6

Central (Haversian) Canal

Question 7

Small spaces within bone matrix that house osteocytes

Answer 7

Lacunae

Question 8

Concentric layers of bone matrix in an osteon.

Answer 8

Lamellae

Question 9

Bone-forming cells responsible for producing new bone matrix

Answer 9

Osteoblast

Question 10

Bone-resorbing cells that break down bone matrix

Answer 10

Osteoclast

Question 11

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue

Answer 11

Osteocyte

Question 12

The structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae around a central canal.

Answer 12

Osteon

Question 13

Canals that connect central canals, allowing blood vessels and nerves to travel between osteons

Answer 13

Preforating (Volkmann’s) Canal

Question 14

Undifferentiated cells that can develop into osteoblasts and contribute to bone growth and repair

Answer 14

Osteoprogenitor Stem Cells

Question 15

Name the two types of bone development and be able to identify which bones in the body development by which type

Answer 15

Intramembranous ossification- bone develops from a fibrous membrane.
Bones formed: Flat bones of the skull, calvical, and some facial bones

Endochonral Ossification- Bone develops from a cartilage model.
Bones formed: Most bones of the body, including long bones, femur, humerus, and tibia

Question 16

What does appositional growth of a bone refer to?

Answer 16

Bones growing in width

Question 17

What is bone remodeling?

Answer 17

Ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.

Question 18

What cells are the remodeling unit teams?

Answer 18

Osteoclasts (break down bone) and Osteoblasts (build bone)

Question 19

What are the two means by which bone remodeling is regulated?

Answer 19

Mechanical Stress and Hormonal Control

Question 20

Name the type of bone fracture where the bone pierces the skin

Answer 20

A compound (open) fracture

Question 21

What is it called when the bone does not pierce the skin?

Answer 21

A simple (closed) fracture

Question 22

What is a greenstick fracture and when is the time in a persons life this type of fracture can occur?

Answer 22

An incomplete fracture where the bone bends and cracks, common in children due to their more flexible bones

Question 23

Name a type of fracture that is caused from excessive twisting

Answer 23

A spiral fracture

Question 24

Name the 4 steps to bone repair following a fracture.

Answer 24

1. Hematoma formation- a blood clot forms at the fracture site
2. Fabrocartilaginous Callus Formation- Soft callus forms as cartilage and collagen bridge between the break
3. Bony Callus Formation- Soft callus is replaced with hard (spongy) bone.
4. Bone remodeling - compact bone replaces spongy bone, restoring normal shape.

Question 25

How long does bone take to repair following a fracture

Answer 25

Typically 6-8 weeks

Question 26

The 3 classifications of joints based on structure, are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. Describe a synovial joint and name what is contained in its cavity. Be able to identify the types of synovial joints and give examples

Answer 26

A freely movable joint where bones are separated by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, which lubricates and nourishes the joint. Types and Examples: Ball-and socket- shoulder, hip hinge, knee, elbow pivot, Carpals, Tarsals

Question 27

What are the 3 classifications of joints based on joint movement

Answer 27

Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis

Question 28

Which muscles are striated and voluntary?

Answer 28

Skeletal muscles

Question 29

Which muscles are striated and involuntary?

Answer 29

Cardiac muscle

Question 30

Which muscles are non striated and involuntary?

Answer 30

Smooth muscles

Question 31

What are 3 specialized functions of muscles in the body

Answer 31

Movement Posture and Stability Heat production

Question 32

What are the organs in the skeletal system of the body?

Answer 32

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints

Question 33

The smallest functional unit of the muscle cell fibers is what?

Answer 33

Sacromere

Question 34

What is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell called?

Answer 34

Sacrolemma

Question 35

Name the connective tissue sheath that surrounds the sarcolemma of a muscle cell (fiber).

Answer 35

Perimysium

Question 36

Name the connective tissue muscle that surrounds the entire muscle

Answer 36

Epimysium

Question 37

The muscle fiber (cell) is composed of bundles of rod like structures called what?

Answer 37

Myofibrils

Question 38

The fascicle is composed of bundles of what structures?

Answer 38

Muscle fibers (cells)

Question 39

The muscle in its entirety is made of bundles of which structures?

Answer 39

Fascicles

Question 40

Which type of muscle is made of cells that are multinucleate?

Answer 40

Skeletal muscle

Question 41

Striations in muscle cells are caused by alternating ____ bands and ____ bands in the sarcomere, which collectively appear as stripes in the muscle. Which band appears darker and why? Which band appears lighter and why?

Answer 41

A bands, I bands The A band appears darker because it contains thick myosin filaments, which block more light. The I band appears lighter because it contains only thin actin filaments, which block less light.

Question 42

Name the type of filament that is considered thin, and found by itself in the I bands, and with another filament in the A band.

Answer 42

Actin

Question 43

Name the other filament found in the A band. It is considered thick

Answer 43

Myosin

Question 44

During a muscle contraction, myosin heads grab actin and walk it towards the center of the sarcomere. When is ATP used in this process?

Answer 44

Cross-bridge detachment- ATP binds to the myosin head, causing it to release actin and detach from the binding site.

Question 45

What is the ion that binds with troponin, which in turn allows tropomyosin to move away from the binding sites on actin so the myosin heads can grab the actin during a contraction?

Answer 45

calcium.

Question 46

What is rigor mortis and what causes it?

Answer 46

Rigor mortis is the postmortem stiffening of muscles due to ATP depletion, preventing myosin from detaching from actin.

Question 47

What is the endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell called? What mineral is stored there and released during a muscle contraction?

Answer 47

The endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). It stores and releases calcium during muscle contraction.

Question 48

What allows all of the fibrils and sarcomeres of the muscle to contract simultaneously?

Answer 48

The T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) coordinate calcium release, ensuring all fibrils and sarcomeres contract simultaneously.

Question 49

Smooth muscle contract in a wave-like pattern called what?

Answer 49

peristalsis

Question 50

Name the type of contraction when a muscle's overall length changes during a contraction.

Answer 50

Isotonic contraction

Question 51

Muscle shortening is an isotonic contraction is called ____ isotonic contraction. Muscle lengthening to its original relaxed state following a contraction is called ____ isotonic contraction.

Answer 51

Concentric eccentric

Question 52

When a muscle's peak tension capabilities are not able to overcome the amount of resistance, the muscle length does not change. This is called a ____ contraction. (example: trying to life a grand piano)

Answer 52

Isometric contraction

Question 53

Name the muscle group when there is an action performed by a dominate muscle with other muscles assisting.

Answer 53

synergists

Question 54

Name the muscle group when one muscle relaxes while the other preforms its action

Answer 54

Antagonistic muscles: One muscle relaxes while the other preforms its action

Question 55

Which muscle group is identified by muscles that work together to preform the same function?

Answer 55

Synergists