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MOD 2 > A review of inflammatory mediators > Flashcards

A review of inflammatory mediators Flashcards

1
Q

Groups of Eiconosanoids?

A

prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, epoxides

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2
Q

What do Eiconsanoids do?

A

control cellular function in response to multiple signals (inflammation)
act through paracrine and autocrine function thus affecting cells that produce them or adjacent cells

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3
Q

Synthesis of inflammtory mediators?

A
  1. stimulus/ligand binds to tansmembrane receptor
  2. cause an increase in PL-A2 and PL-C which cleaves SN2 and releases arachidonic acid
  3. PL-c through IP3 causes signal transduction to increase the stimulus and DAG to cleave…
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4
Q

Higher concentration of which prostalgandin in arthritis?

A

PG-A2

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5
Q

Most common phospholpases?

A

A2, C

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6
Q

IP3 causes release of?

A

Calcium

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7
Q

what does PLC or phospholipase C do?

A

converstion of PIP2 to IP3 and DAG

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8
Q

DAG cause increase of?

A

PKC

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9
Q

From arachidonic acid what enzyme makes prostaglandins?

A

cyclooxgenase

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10
Q

What does lipoxygenase convert arachidonic acid to? what inhibits it?

A

leukotrienes

Leukotriene inhibitors

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11
Q

What inhibits cyclooxygenase?

A

glucocortiocoids

COX-inhibitors

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12
Q

Antiinflammtory Prostaglandin?

A

PGE3

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13
Q

TXA2?

A 
made from arachidonic acid/PGH2
enzyme TXA2
produced in platelets
vasoconstrict
hemostasis
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14
Q

PGI?

A 
from arachidonic acid/PGH2
enzyme PGI synthase
produced in endotherlial cells
vasodilation
inhibit hemostasis
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15
Q

PGE synthase?

A

PGH2 to PGE

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16
Q

PGD synthase?

A

PGH2 to PGD

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17
Q

NSaids?

A

nonspecific inhibit all PG synthesis

tissue specific

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18
Q

Prostaglandin found in mast cells, brain, airways?

A

PGD2

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19
Q

Prostaglandin found in brain, kidneys, VSMCs, platelets?

A

PGE2

20
Q

Cyclooxygenase?

A

3 cox enzymes
cox 3 is a splice variant of COX1
diff tissues express vary levels of COX1/2
COX1 is considered a constituitive enzyme found in most tissues and COX 2 is an inducible enzyme

21
Q

Consitutive enzyme? inducible enzyme?

A

COX1 COX2

22
Q

Acetaminophen works on?

A

cox3 in the brain

23
Q

COX3 part of eiosanoid signaling?

A

no

24
Q

Aspirin biochemical mechanism?

A

Acetylsalicylate binds to Active cyclo-oxygenase to form inactive Cyclo-oxygenase

releases Salicylate at the same time

25
Q

Does acetaminophen or ibuprofen inactive cyclooxygenase?

A

no

26
Q

Uric acid crystals do what to osteoblasts?

A

increase

27
Q

increased levels of PGE2 does what to osteoclast precursors?

A

increase

28
Q

Describe action of prostaglandins?

A

shorted lived, quick response, g protein coupled receptors

29
Q

Steroidogenic acture regulatory protein?

A

sTAR endocytosis brings LDL into the cell

30
Q

Adrenal gland?

A

located on the kidneys
responsible for steroid hormone synthesis
3 layers
medulla of the glad is important for catecholamines

31
Q

Rate limit step in cholesterol synthesis?

A

CYP11A1, Cholesterol to pregnenolone

32
Q

Pregnenolone to Progesterone?

A

3beta HSD

33
Q

Progesterone to 17alpha hydroxy progesterone?

A

CYP17

34
Q

CYP17 also?

A

Pregnenolone to 17alpha hydroxy pregnenolone

35
Q

17alpha hydroxy progesterone to cortisol?

A

CYP21A, CYP11B1

36
Q

ACTH induces?

A

adrenal cortex to make steroids

37
Q

Zona glomerulosa?

A

ACTH can stim aldosterone synthesis but this area is primarily regulated by Ang II and extracellular K

has receptors for AngII and expresses CYP11B2

38
Q

HPA axis?

A

Hypothalamus releases CRH from CRH neurons

Anterior Pituitary releases ACTH from Corticotropes

Andrenal cortex releases cortisol from Fasiculata cells

39
Q

Regulates Hypothalamus?

A

increase release ACh, 5-HT, NE, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNFalpha

decrease release NE, GABA, cortisol

40
Q

Regulate Anterior pituitary?

A

increase release IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNFalpha

decrease release cortisol

41
Q

Cortisol release controls?

A

negative feedback to Anterior pituitary and Hypothalamus, and to Immune system, lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils

42
Q

Immune system, etc release?

A

IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNFalpha

all stim Hypothalamus and Anterior pituitary

43
Q

Gluccocoritcoid effect on immune cells? (cortisol)

A

decrease cytokine production form macrophages
inhibit histamine release and prostaglandins from mast cells, suppress t cell activation, and inhibit release of histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes from eosinophils

44
Q

Glucocorticoids affect metabolism?

A

increase vitamin D, decrease glucose uptake, increase glycogen synthase, increase parathyroid hormone, increase IGF-1

45
Q

Androstenedione to Testosterone?

A

17beta HSD

46
Q

Testorsterone to estradiol?

A

aromatase

MOD 2 (6 decks)

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