a-sec-shual Flashcards

Question

fertilisation

Answer 1

when the pollen grain fuses with the ovule

Answer 2

- Pollination occurs, resulting in a pollen on the stigma of the plant - pollen tube germinates and grows down the style (carrying inside it the pollen grain) before arriving at the ovule - fertilisation occurs internally in the ovary

Answer 3

- production of gametes occurs in the anther (male) and the stigma (female) - meiosis occurs, pollen and egg, followed by pollination - pollen tube delivers pollen to ovule in ovary (fertilisation) - embryo is produced and seeds start developing - seed dispersal occurs in order for the plant to colonise other areas - seed germination occurs

Answer 4

Anther on the filament Stigma on the style on the ovary Sepal encloses the bud Receptacle where the flower grows

Answer 5

- small, dull coloured petals or no petals at all (e.g. grasses) - scent + nectar = unnecessary - anthers = long, protrude outside of the flower - stigma = sticky to hold onto pollen, long and bigger for increased SA - increased production of pollen as there is lower success rate. very small, light, powdery grains

Answer 6

- tend to be larger and colourful, some flowers change colours as an indicator - birds have no / poor sense of smell therefore scent is unnecessary - large amount of nectar, typically at the bottom of a tube of petals - animals brush against the anther, the pollen sticks to its body as it reaches in with a long beak. Enclosed within flower, lower than stigma. - the pollen sticking to its body will brush against the stigma - pollen has a rough surface to stick to pollinator

Answer 7

- use of colour and guiding marks (e.g. u.v. marks that cannot be seen by people), shaped to provide a landing platform or to resemble the mate of the pollinator - scent attracts insects - important as colours cannot be seen in the dark - nectar production - filaments are short, lower than stigma, enclosed by petals - relatively large grains, often sticky, small amounts produced

Answer 8

- seeds covered in hooks / spines which attach the seed to the animal's fur / feathers, before being carried and thus dispersed - produce their seeds inside fruits that get eaten (seeds pass through the digestive tract) - animals bury seeds to save for later (often get left there and grow)

Answer 9

- small seeds with 'wings' or hair/feather like structures - production of large amounts of seeds - examples: dandelion or milkweed

Answer 10

- pods that explode when ripe and shoot out seeds (peas, beans, mistletoe) - explosive force is used to fling the seeds away - sandbox tree has exploding capsules that launch seeds 100m away - some exploding fruits utilise built up water pressure (squirting cucumber) while others employ tension from drying fruits (violets)

Answer 11

- aquatic plants have seeds that can float and are carried by water - coastal plants are typically very tolerant of salt water (coconuts, e.g.) - certain mangrove species produce propagules that survive up to a year in salt water

Answer 12

Binary Fission, Budding, Spores Fragmentation and Regeneration: - Vegetive propagation: Natural (bulbs, runners, rhizomes, tubers) and artificial (cuttings) - Animal regeneration: starfish + earthworms

Answer 13

Asexual reproduction used by bacteria, protists and amoebae (unicellular organisms) Cell goes through the stages of mitosis; however, when it reaches cytokinesis it splits into two different organisms. Newly formed cells are 'clones' of the parent and parent identity is lost.

Answer 14

Completed by: yeast, jellyfish, sea anemones (uni + multicellular) A new organism (bud) grows off the original organism. As soon as the bud is capable of surviving on its own, it separates itself from the original organism. Only one daughter cell (smaller than the parent) is formed at a time (parent identity is maintained)

Answer 15

ferns, algae, mosses reproductive cell capable of developing into a new individual without fusion (fertilisation) with another reproductive cell

Answer 16

Formed from fleshy leaves which surround a small stem. This stem grows to become a new plant. Small bulbs may form around parent bulb. Example = daffodil, onion

Answer 17

A stolon / runner is a stem that grows horizontally on the surface of the parent plant with a small terminal offspring. When the stolon breaks off, a new individual plant is formed. Example = strawberry and some grasses

Answer 18

Horizontal, underground stems, with buds rising from these stems to the surface and growing into a new plant. Example = mint, iris, ginger, couch grass

Answer 19

Thickened underground stem bearing buds, from which new plants grow. Tubers contained stored food material. Example = potato, dahlia

Answer 20

A technique used where a cutting is attached to another plant (called the new stock). The stock provides the root system and lower support for the new plant.