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AP BIO unit 2 > A tour of the cell > Flashcards

A tour of the cell Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  1. organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
  3. All cells come from preexisting cells
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2
Q

PROKARYOTIC…

A
  1. usually single-celled
  2. No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
  3. Metabolism through aerobic and anaerobic means
  4. Genetic material localized–NUCLEOID
  5. Most cells have peptidoglycan which makes up cell walls
  6. Circular DNA, one form of RNA polymerase
  7. No cytoskeleton
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3
Q

What is peptidoglycan? Function?

A

It makes up cell walls and is mainly found in prokaryotes such as bacteria. Protects bacteria from environment stress.

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4
Q

pro means?

A

before

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5
Q

eu- means

A

after

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6
Q

Eukaryotic cells have…

A
  1. Nuclear membrane encolsed DNA
  2. Organelle have membranes
  3. RNA and protein synthesized in two different locations
  4. Linear DNA molecules with non-coding introns
  5. More than one RNA polymerase
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7
Q

why does a cell go through mitosis?

A

because it is becoming too large and more inefficient

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8
Q

Cells are compartmentalized to…

A

increase SA to Volume ration
specialized reaction withing and localized reactions when needed

smaller cells are more efficient and each organelle increases SA

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9
Q

Why are small compartments important?

A

The isolated areas of the cell, allow for various conditions for different reasons aka Ph, the concentration of solute differences

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10
Q

Each smaller structure can be…

A

specialized can carry out specific functions
this can increase complexity and provide surfaces for reactions

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11
Q

Plasma membrane consist of

A

lipid bilayer
proteins
- channels, transport, pumps, and receptors

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

area between the outer membrane and nuclear membrane including organelles

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13
Q

Cytosol

A

Liquid/ gel material containing water, gazes, and macromolecules

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14
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

is a double membrane system contains a double phospholipid bilayer
contains pores that regulate the entrance and exit of ions and small proteins(proteins guide things into pores)

also contains a large number of proteins

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15
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

protein network that hold and reinforce structures together
made of intermediate filaments and regulates access to DNA,

Involved in RNA transciption, nuclear and chromatic organization, cell cycle regulation, cell development, differentiation, nuclear migration and apoptosis

one difference in enzyme can cause premature death of cell

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A

Smallest and most numerous organelle and are reusable
two types free and bound

catalyzes formation of peptide bonds using RNA molecules

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17
Q

What is the composition of a ribosome? And where is it synthesized?

A

60% rRNA
40% proteins
Synthesized in nucleolus

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18
Q

Two parts of a ribosome?

A

Large subunit and small subunit

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19
Q

Free ribosomes

A

create protein for that cells usw

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20
Q

Bound ribosomes

A

bound to Er or nuclear membrane

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21
Q

Er contain mainly what proteins

A

secretory protains – make proteins that leave cell

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22
Q

Nucleus contains what volume of the total cell

A

6-10%

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23
Q

What surrounds the nucleus and what is continuous with the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope surrounds and ER is continuous

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24
Q

Chromosome

A

one single DNA molecule associated with proteins
organized DNA

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25
Chromatin
DNA molecules and histone proteins condenses to form chromosomes
26
Nucleolus
genes for rRNA that will be assembled into ribosomal subunits may have more than one in cell
27
endomembrane system
interior network of membrane that assemble lipids and produce and modify proteins
28
What is apart of the endomembrane system
nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, lysosome, vacuole
29
what volume of the cell does the endomembrane system take up
50%
30
ER
network of tubes and sacs that are continuous with nuclear membrane most extensive membrane system two types - rough - smooth
31
rough ER
- studded with proteins and ribosomes produces secretory proteins signal sequence on polypeptide instructs ribosomes to attach to ER (docking site) transmembrane proteins proteins that are made here are often used in lumen
32
Sooth ER
lipid production, CH2O metabolism, storage of ions(CA+), detoxification of drugs/alcohol proteins in membrane or within lumen catalyze reactions
33
what can be synthesized in both types of ER
phospholipids
34
Golgi Bodies function
Process, Package, Sort!
35
describe the structure of Golgi
individual layers with constant motion of vesicles each layer has different chemicals and the amount of layers depends on the cell
36
How many Golgi are in a cell
only 1
37
Cis face is what
the closest part to the nucelaus and is where the material enters
38
Trans Face
closest to the membrane cell and exit of everything in vesicles
39
What is found in lumen of the Golgi
enzymes that catalyze the addition or removal of parts
40
What types of vesicles can the golgi form?
secretory and lysosomal vesicles
41
Lysosomes are different in what way?
they are single membrane bound organelle
42
Lysosomes function
Cell recycler contains 40 different hydrolytic enzymes responsible for the digestion of macromolecules, autolysis, intracellular digestion dead cells no longer able to maintain H+ gradient so oganelle breaks down releasing contents
43
What makes lysosomes
Golgi and ER
44
What disease is caused by faulty lysosomes
tay-sachs faulty enzyme in lysosomes responsible for lipid breakdown pre-mature death
45
Phagocytosis
Lysosomes play an important role in phagocytosis. When macrophages phagocytose foreign particles, they contain them within a phagosome. The phagosome will then bind with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome. These enzymes are critical in oxygen-independent killing mechanisms.
46
Autophagy
is a catabolic process in eukaryotic cells that delivers cytoplasmic components and organelles to the lysosomes for digestion. Lysosomes are specialized organelles that break up macromolecules, allowing the cell to reuse the materials.
47
Vacuoles
storage of water, ion, pigments
48
How are vaculoles different that vesicles formed by Golgi and ER
they are larger
49
Where is the plant central vacuole enclosed in
tonoplast ( and provides cell with hydrostatic pressure
50
Plants holding water in vacuoles is important because
keeps plants upright and erect
51
how many membranes does a chloroplast have
three
52
the stroma of a chloroplast is analygous to the
matrix
53
Similar to the mitochondria
the chloroplast is semi-autonomous
54
Cytoskeleton consists of
protein fibers that support and give shape to a cell
55
three types of fibers
microtubules intermediate filaments microfilaments
56
Three fibers and their size
microtubules - thickest intermediate filaments- medium size microfilaments - thinnest
57
peroxisomes function
contains catalase that breaks down H2O2 formed during metabolism of alcohols self-replicating makes and hydrolyses peroxide
58
Mitochondria origin
usually maternal (comes from mother) but sometimes can be paternal
59
mitochondira function
production of atp double membrane have their own DNA divide on their own have ribsomes that produce enzyme for atp production
60
what theory is there related to mitochondria
endosymbiont theory
61
what is the endosymbiont theory?
that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA which is circular, not linear
62
what is the intermembrane space?
space between inner and outer membrane in mitochondria
63
Motor proteins
kinesin goes right dynein goes left hydolyse ATP to change protein
64
Microtubules loook like
tunnel- hoolow walls
65
microtubules consist of what
tubulin a dimer consisting of alpha and b tubulin
66
Microfilaments look like
rope bc of two intertwined strings
67
Microfilaments are made of
actin
68
Intermediate filaments look like
one think coil made up of hundreds of smaller coils
69
Intermediate filaments are made up of
several different proteins such as keratin
70
centrosome is the
microtubule organizing center ONLY FOUND IN ANIMALS by controlling the number location and orientation of microtubules
71
describe what stops polymerization
Cholchicine
72
what prevents depolymerization
taxol
73
in the cenrtosome what side does the polymerization go
the positive side away from the centrosome
74
Cilia and Flagella structure
9 to 2 structure dynein walks microtubukes past one another
75
What anchors flagella/cillia
basal body
76
muscles are composed of ..
microfilaments
77
what provided structure to long cells
intermediate fillaments
78
what enables cell movements in phagocytosis and cytokinesis
microfilaments
79
what is found in desmosomes
desmosomes are used in cell to cell contact intermediate filaments
80
what gives the nucleus its shape
intermidiate filaments
81
what allows cell to cell junction in plants
plamodesmata
82
what allows cell to cell junction in animals
tight junctions desmosomes gap junctions
83
tight junctions prevents
leakage between cells
84
desmosomes
mechanically attach cells to each other anchoring sited for intermediate filamets
85
gap junctions
communication pathway between cells only small things can get through
86
what is analygous to plasmodemata
gap junctions
87
tight junctions, desmosomes, and gO JUNCTIONS have what in common
can only be found in eukaryote cells
88
plant cells walls
prevent cells from bursting
89
what are plant cell walls made of
cellulose
90
due to plasmodesmata
everything must cross membrane at least once
91
plant cell secretion forms
pectin
92
pectin acts as
adhesivse in miffle lamella
93
plants without secondary cell walls are
herbs
94
plants with secondary wall are
woody
95
new plants can be bendy bc
they have yet to develope second wall yet
96
Extracellular matrix
intricate network of proteins and polysaccharides that are organized into a meshwork on the outside of cells
97
what two things provide structure and strength in the ECM
proteins like collegen and elastin

AP BIO unit 2 (3 decks)

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