A1 Approaches And Assumptions

Question 1

What is a key assumption of the cognitive approach?

Answer 1

Behaviour can be understood and explained in terms of mental processes.

This includes how individuals think, perceive, remember, and learn.

Question 2

What does the social approach assume about behavior?

Answer 2

Behaviour occurs in a social context.

This implies that individual actions are influenced by the presence and actions of others.

Question 3

In individualist cultures, what is prioritized?

Answer 3

The needs of the individual person.

Examples include the UK and USA where personal goals and individual happiness are emphasized.

Question 4

In collectivist cultures, what is prioritized?

Answer 4

Family and community needs before individual wants.

Examples include China and India where social harmony and family approval are significant.

Question 5

Define ‘learned response’.

Answer 5

A behaviour acquired through conditioning, either association or rewards.

This includes both classical and operant conditioning.

Question 6

What does neurochemistry relate to?

Answer 6

Chemicals in the nervous system that regulate psychological functioning.

This includes neurotransmitters and their effects on behavior.

Question 7

What is meant by ‘observation’ in the context of social learning?

Answer 7

Actively attending to and watching the behaviour of others (models).

This is a key component of learning through imitation.

Question 8

What did Norman Triplett’s 1898 study find regarding children and competition?

Answer 8

Children wound fishing reels faster when competing against each other than when alone.

However, some children performed worse in competition, highlighting variability in social influence.

Question 9

Fill in the blank: In individualist cultures, achieving _______ is considered important.

Answer 9

individual happiness.

Question 10

True or False: In collectivist cultures, being in love is the most important factor when choosing a partner.

Answer 10

False.

In collectivist cultures, family approval often takes precedence over romantic feelings.

Question 11

Choose one assumption from the cognitive approach and one from the social approach. Explain how these assumptions relate to a specific scenario.

Answer 11

Assumptions can relate to how individual mental processes interact with social influences in behavior.

For example, a person’s decision-making may be influenced by both their cognitive biases and the opinions of their peers.

Question 12

What is the key assumption of the behaviourist approach?

Answer 12

Behaviour is a learned response to environmental stimuli

This means that experiences and interactions with the environment shape behavior.

Question 13

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 13

Learning through association

Ivan Pavlov demonstrated this with his dogs salivating at the sound of a door opening.

Question 14

Who is associated with operant conditioning and what does it entail?

Answer 14

B.F. Skinner; it involves reinforcement of behaviour through pleasurable consequences

Behaviours that are rewarded are likely to be repeated.

Question 15

What is vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 15

Learning that occurs through observation and imitation of others

It occurs when an observer sees a model rewarded for a behavior and is likely to imitate that behavior.

Question 16

What is the key assumption of the biological approach?

Answer 16

Behaviour is influenced by our biology

This means that psychological phenomena have a physical basis.

Question 17

What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?

Answer 17

The brain and spinal cord

The CNS serves as the control center of the body.

Question 18

What are genes?

Answer 18

Biological ‘units’ of DNA inherited from parents

Genes interact with environmental influences and can affect behaviors.

Question 19

What is neurochemistry?

Answer 19

The study of neurotransmitters that affect behaviour

Examples include serotonin and dopamine.

Question 20

What does the biological approach suggest about behaviour and evolution?

Answer 20

Behaviour is a product of evolution

Genetically-determined behaviours are inherited and enhance survival and reproduction.

Question 21

Fill in the blank: According to Charles Darwin, behaviours that enhance survival are _______.

Answer 21

[naturally selected]

Question 22

True or False: Behaviour can be learned solely through personal experience.

Answer 22

False

Learning can also occur through observation of others.

Question 23

What example illustrates the influence of a violent household on behaviour?

Answer 23

The aggressive behavior of the 14-year-old boy

He learned aggression from witnessing violence in his family.

Question 24

What is the cognitive approach’s key assumption?

Answer 24

Behaviour is a product of information processing

This compares the brain to a computer with input, processing, and output.

Question 25

What does the social approach emphasize?

Answer 25

Behaviour occurs in a social context influenced by people around us ## Footnote Wider culture and society significantly influence individual behaviour.

Question 26

Identify one key assumption of the behaviourist/social learning approaches.

Answer 26

Behaviour can be learned from observation and imitation ## Footnote This highlights the role of role models in shaping behaviour.

Question 27

Using an example from the case, explain one key assumption of the biological approach.

Answer 27

Park's brain damage affecting his reading and speaking abilities ## Footnote This illustrates how biological factors influence behaviour.

Question 28

What is the method used by champions in the World Memory Championship to memorize information?

Answer 28

The method of loci, also known as the memory palace.

Question 29

How do competitors in the World Memory Championship typically memorize long lists?

Answer 29

By turning items into images and mentally placing them around a familiar environment.

Question 30

What is the significance of using weird links in the memory palace technique?

Answer 30

The weirder the links, the better they are for memory retention.

Question 31

What is a cue in the context of memory?

Answer 31

A 'trigger' that allows us to access material in memory.

Question 32

What are the two main forms of remembering?

Answer 32

Recall and recognition.

Question 33

Define free recall.

Answer 33

Retrieving information from memory without any cues.

Question 34

What is cued recall?

Answer 34

Recalling information with the assistance of a cue.

Question 35

True or False: Recognition involves identifying something based on previous experience.

Answer 35

True.

Question 36

What does recognition demonstrate about long-term memory?

Answer 36

We store more in LTM than we can immediately retrieve.

Question 37

What are meaningful cues?

Answer 37

Cues that are meaningfully linked to the material learned.

Question 38

Give an example of a cue without meaning.

Answer 38

Experiencing a thunderstorm while learning about a topic.

Question 39

How can emotions act as cues?

Answer 39

Emotions can trigger memories of similar emotional experiences.

Question 40

Fill in the blank: A _______ is a trigger that helps access material in memory.

Answer 40

cue

Question 41

What is the role of the shopping list in the memory palace technique?

Answer 41

To turn items into images and place them in a mental environment.

Question 42

How can you enhance memory retention according to the memory palace technique?

Answer 42

By taking a mental walkabout and retrieving items from their locations.

Question 43

What example illustrates the effectiveness of slogans as cues?

Answer 43

The slogan 'A Mars a day helps you work, rest and play' conjures up an image of Mars bars.

Question 44

What does cued recall show about our memory capacity?

Answer 44

It shows we have more in our memory than we can usually access.

Question 47

What is reconstruction memory

Answer 47

Reconstructive memory is when we remember things by piecing bits of information together like a puzzle

Question 48

What is a schema

Answer 48

Schema is is like a folder that has all the information we know about a certain topic

Question 49

How do schemes effect memory 3 ways

Answer 49

They can make us remember things that did not happend They can make us forget things They can make us remember things on a different way from how they actually happened

Question 50

What is the difference between rationalisation and confabulation

Answer 50

Rationalisation is when we change our memory to fit our schemas Confabulation is when we add information to fill in the gaps

Question 51

How dose reconstructive memory relate to the idea that the brain is like a computer

Answer 51

Some people believe this because the brain is like a computer whitch store the information perfectly

Question 52

What is the key information about reconstructive memory

Answer 52

The key information is that it is not a passive process of retrieval but an active process for reconstruction

Question 53

What is cognitive priming?

Answer 53

Cognitive priming is when exposure to one stimulus (the prime) influences your response to a later stimulus. It's like your brain getting a head start! This happens without you even realizing it. For example, if you see the word "dog", you'll recognize the word "cat" faster because they're related concepts.

Question 54

Name three types of cognitive priming

Answer 54

Repetition priming: Seeing something once makes you faster at recognizing it the second time. (Like seeing the word "car" twice!) * Semantic priming: Seeing something makes you faster at recognizing things with a similar meaning. (Like seeing "red" makes you faster at recognizing "orange".) * Associative priming: Seeing something makes you faster at recognizing things that are often associated with it. (Like seeing "peanut butter" makes you faster at recognizing "jelly".)

Question 55

Explain repetition priming.

Answer 55

Repetition priming is when you're faster at processing something you've seen before. Imagine seeing a picture of a banana, then seeing it again later – you'll recognize it faster the second time!

Question 56

Explain semantic priming.

Answer 56

Semantic priming is when thinking about something makes you faster at recognizing things with a similar meaning. For example, if you think about the color red, you'll be faster at recognizing the word "pink" because they're both colors.

Question 57

Explain associative priming.

Answer 57

Associative priming is when thinking about something makes you faster at recognizing things that are often associated with it. Like, if you see a picture of a toothbrush, you'll be faster at recognizing the word "toothpaste" because they're often used together!

Question 58

How do adverts use cognitive priming?

Answer 58

Advertisers try to link their products with positive feelings or ideas. For example, an advert might show happy people drinking a certain soda. This primes viewers to associate the soda with happiness, making them more likely to buy it.

Question 59

What is a memory script?

Answer 59

A memory script is a mental representation of a common sequence of events. It includes your knowledge of what usually happens in a situation, how you should behave, and what the possible outcomes are.

Question 60

What is the classic example of a memory script?

Answer 60

The classic example of a memory script is the restaurant script. This script includes your knowledge and expectations of the setting (the restaurant itself), props (menus, tables, etc.), and actors (waiting staff, customers, chefs, etc.).

Question 61

What are some features of memory scripts?

Answer 61

Memory scripts have the following features: * They are broken down into scenes ordered by time. * They concern multiple goals. * They are dynamic and evolve with experience. * They are influenced by culture. * They influence memory.

Question 62

What is person perception?

Answer 62

Person perception is the process of forming impressions of other people. It involves making assumptions about people based on their appearance, behavior, and other cues.

Question 63

How does person perception work?

Answer 63

Person perception works by making assumptions about people based on their appearance, behavior, and other cues. These assumptions can be influenced by stereotypes and biases.

Question 64

What is the difference between cognitive scripts and memory scripts?

Answer 64

There is no difference between cognitive scripts and memory scripts. They are two terms for the same thing.

Question 65

What is a cognitive bias?

Answer 65

A cognitive bias is a mental shortcut that helps us make decisions quickly. However, they can also lead to errors in our thinking.

Question 66

What are the negative effects of cognitive biases?

Answer 66

Cognitive biases can lead to flawed thinking, which can undermine our ability to make rational choices.

Question 67

What are the positive effects of cognitive biases?

Answer 67

Cognitive biases can help us simplify the world and make decisions quickly.

Question 68

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 68

Confirmation bias is the tendency to favor information that confirms beliefs we already hold.

Question 69

What is hostile attribution bias?

Answer 69

Hostile attribution bias is a tendency to assume that someone else's behavior has an aggressive or antagonistic motive when it is actually neutral.

Question 70

What is the hostile attribution bias?

Answer 70

The hostile attribution bias is a type of cognitive bias where people tend to interpret ambiguous behaviors as hostile. For example, if someone bumps into you on the street, you might think they did it on purpose, even if it was an accident.

Question 71

What are the dangers of hostile attribution bias?

Answer 71

The hostile attribution bias can lead to conflict and aggression. If you think someone is being hostile towards you, you are more likely to react aggressively in return.