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A1 content Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Spatial thinking

A

ability to use pace as a framework

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2
Q

Define spatial intelligence

A

the balance between spatial visualisation and spatial reasoning skills

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3
Q

What are the map elements?

A

Date
Orientation
grid
title
author
index
legend
source

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4
Q

What is a general reference map?

A

map that shows the location and summarises the landscape.

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5
Q

What is a topographic map?

A

Map that the government makes with strict specifications.

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6
Q

What is a thematic map?

A

Map that shows spatial distribution, often need specialised knowledge to interpret

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7
Q

What is a map?

A

symbolic representation emphasising the relationships between elements. Represents real-features at a reduced scale and is effective for communication.

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8
Q

What is generalization?

A

Including or excluding elements of a map, when reducing the scale of a map

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9
Q

What are common features of maps?

A

Symbol, Sclae and grid.

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10
Q

What did technology do to maps?

A

It changed the way we make and the types of maps available

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11
Q

What is cartography?

A

Science and art of map-making

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12
Q

What is geo-visualisation?

A

Introduced in the 1950’s, the transition of maps from communicating to exploratory knowledge construction, includes pattern relations, trends and critical point recognition and it enables the perceptual processing of data.

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13
Q

What does critical GIS consist of?

A

critical points
Social construction of space
power and knowledge
representation and visualisation
participatory GIS
Ethics and social justice
Inter-disciplinary

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14
Q

What is a population?

A

Total set of things to be studied

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15
Q

What is a sample?

A

A portion of a population that is actually studied.

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16
Q

What is infernal data?

A

Comparing and predicting, and attempting to conclude data, making inference about the data

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17
Q

What is discrete data?

A

Showing and summarising data that is under study, presenting data in a meaningful way, explaining the known data

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18
Q

Raw tables

A

scientific information, with no overview of the data set.

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19
Q

How can we measure the central tendency?

A

Use mode, median, mean to indicate the value that is most likely centered.

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20
Q

Can the median be affected by outliers?

A

no, only the mean is affected by outliers and skewedness.

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21
Q

What graphs can we used to interpret raw data?

A

Scatterplot
hexgon bin plot
3D scatterplot
Scatterplot matric
Parallel co-ordinate plot

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22
Q

How many attributes can a parallel co-ordinate plot display?

A

can display more than 3.

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23
Q

Describe the correlation of a parallel co-ordinate plot

A

when r=1 lines are parallel, when r=-1 lines intersect at a mid point, when r=0 lines intersect

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24
Q

what is r the correlation coeffiecient show?

A

it shows linear relationships the closer r is to 1 the more linear.
when r is + the graph is positive, when r is - graph is negative

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25
What are the complications of r ?
it doenst show outliers and it has non-parametric tests.
26
what is the regression line formula?
y=a+bx
27
is m and r proportional to eachother?
Yes
28
What is multiple regression
dependant attribute and multiple independent attributes
29
What are some considerations of m and r?
1. high correlations do not imply a casual relationship 2. the magnitude of r can be affected by the level at which data has been aggregated 3. like values tend to group together 4. regression techniques can be applied globally and locally
30
What Does MAUP stand for?
Measurable areal unit problem
31
What is a centroid? and what do they represent?
A centroid is a polygon center used as a default position for labeling. Can be used to represent a polygon (analytical) or can be used for interpolation polygons to create a continuously varying grid (raster projections).
32
What indexes are used for GIT?
CI - compactation index the ratio of the area of a shape to the area of a circumscribing circle. range from 0-1 where 0 is least compacted and 1 is most compacted.
33
what is redistricting?
the combining of districts that are voting precincts
34
what is gerrymandering?
districts structured for partism benefit
35
what is spatial auto-correlaion?
the tendency for things to occureclose to each other in geographic space and can be measured.
36
What map complexity?
The degree to which the combination of map elements results in a pattern that appears to be intricate or involved.
37
What are the advantages of equal interval classification
easy to implement and interpret there is no gaps in the data has a simplified legend of class breaks is sensitive to outliers
38
What are the disadvantages of equal intervals?
Doesn't consider distribution can lead to classes with no observations
39
What are the advantages of quantile classification?
Easy to implement percentage of observations in each class is equal works for ordinal data
40
What are the disadvantages of quantiles?
There are no empty classes it doesn't consider the distribution it is not sensitive to outliers has gaps has ties which complicates it a bit
41
What are the advantages of mean standard deviations?
if data is normally distributed the mean serves as a useful dividing point
42
What are the disadvantages of standard mean deviations?
Only works if the data is normally distributed needs basic statistics understanding more complex
43
What are the advantages of maximum breaks?
Easy to implement
44
What are the disadvantages of maximum breaks?
Only considers large breaks
45
What are the advantages of natural breaks?
Very flexible Accurate
46
What are the disadvantages of natural breaks?
It is subjective
47
What are the advantages of optimal classification?
Best classification can determine the appropriate number of classes
48
What are the disadvantages of optimal?
Requires brute force to get values which is computing intensive Gaps in the legend
49
What are the spatial dimensions?
Point Line Polygon Volumetric 3D
50
Small Scale maps
is of a large area, which has been generalised, city is a point there are no buildings visible
51
Large scale maps
Small areas, is very detailed, a building is an area symbol
52
What is discrete phenomen?
phenomena with abrupt changes and gaps
53
What is continuous phenomena?
phenomena with smooth transitoins and no gaps
54
what are the levels of measurement?
constrained ratio - constrained to a tange cyclical - cyclic data ratio scale counts - integers with no fractions fuzzy - categories
55
What is quantitative data?
Lightness Color hue perspective height size spacing saturation
56
What is qualitative data?
Color hue Shape Arrangement Orientation
57
Different types of maps
Choropleth Isopleth Dot maps Proportional symbol maps
58
What is geographic scale?
Small scale is a small area Large scale is a large area
59
What is cartographic scale?
Small scale is of a large area Large scale is of a small area 1:50 000cm
60
give a definition for generalisation
the process of reducing information of maps due to a change in the map scale
61
Name 4 different tpyes of generalisation
Wrights 2 major components Riazs 3 major components Robinon et al MacMasters and Sheas model of generalisation
62
Give examples of ways to generalise
Simplify Smoothing Aggregatino Amalgamation Refinig Collapsing Enhancing Exageraing Merging Displacing
63
What are the different types of map projections?
Mercator Robinsons Goode homolosine Mollweide Mollweide oblique plate caree
64
What are the classes of map projection?
PLanar Cylindrical Conical
65
What are the cases of map projections?
Tangent Secant
66
What is another name for a tangent point and secant line?
Standard point and line
67
Where do lines of latitude run from?
Parallel with the equator. S
68
Where do lines of longitude run?
through the north and south pole E
69
what is DD?
Decimal degrees
70
How do we calculate SF?
local scale divided by principal scale
71
Tiscot's Indicatrix circle
r=1 a=b=1 when a=b there is no distortion when a=/b but a=1 then there is angular distortion when a=b but a=/ 1 then aerial distortion takes place when a=/b and a=/1 angular and aerial distortion occurs
72
What does UTM stand for?
Universal transverse mercator projection
73
List snyder's heirarchy
1. Region of world 2. Projection property 3. projection case
74
List snyder's geographical areas
1. World 2. hemispher 3. continent
75
How can we measure the earth's surface if it is not smooth?
Turn it into a geoid by cutting off the "tallest" parts then match the area of the geoid to an ellipsoid.
76
What is south africa"s geoidic datum?
Hartebeeshoek94 datum and Land Leveling datum
77
What kind of equivalent projections are there?
noninterrupted interrupted oblique aspect
78
why is spatial intellegence inportant?
essential for problem solving and orientating yourself in a new area can examine problems from a spatial perspective
79
key characteristics of a map?
2D representation of a 3D object uses maths to represent the earth onto 2D surface has a reference system which allows the location of a feature to be described.
80
Give examples of thematic maps
Navigation charts Cadastral maps and charts Series maps Web maps Mental maps
81
Give an examples of geographic location questions
Where is it? Why is it here to there? HOw much is here or there?
82
Give examples of geographic distribution questions
Is it distributed locally or gloablly? Is it spatially clustred or dispersed? Where are the boundaries?
83
Give examples of geographic association questions
What else is near it? What else occurs in it? What is absent in its presence?
84
Give examples of geographic interaction questions
is it linked to something else? wha is the nature o this association? how much interaction occurs between the locations?
85
Give examples of geagraphic change questions
Has it always been here? How has it changed over time and space? What causes its diffusion or contraction?
86
Why do we ask geographic questions?
fill in the gaps in our mental maps and in our geographic knowledge
87
What is the use of general-purpose maps?
shows inportant physical features in an area summarise landscape to aid in discovery of locations usually easy to read and understand
88
What is perception?
our initial reaction to map symbols
89
What is cognition?
perception plus our thoughts processes, prior experiences and memory.
90
Different types of memory
perception short term visual store long term visual memory

GIT144 (12 decks)

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