A30

Question 1

Kidneys of the bird

Answer 1

elongated and lobulated

• cranial
• middle
• caudal

Located in fossa renalis

close contact with the abdomnial air sacs

Question 2

urinarysystem of the bird

Answer 2

only kidney and ureters

Question 3

valva renalis

Answer 3

regulates how much blood they want to go to this spesific section of the vessels

non-concioussly controlled

blood pressure regulation - each side independently

Question 4

open renal valves mean

Answer 4

all the blood will run through the common iliac directly into vena cava caudalis

no kidney work

when flying

Question 5

closed renal valves

Answer 5

blood cannot enter, goes to the portal cranial vein and into the kidneys through vv.afferentes, comes back through v. efferentes

Question 6

What is special about the bird respiratory system`?

Answer 6

most effective of all animals

very small lungs, which are inelastic

no diaphragm

Question 7

conchas

Answer 7

cranial

medial

caudal

Question 8

meatus

Answer 8

ventral –> lungs

Medial –> sinus

Dorsal –> smelling apparatus

Question 9

larynx

Answer 9

2 larynx - cranial and caudal

caudal = syrinx - voice organ

Question 10

proximal larynx (cranial)

Answer 10

separates food from air

cricoid cartilage and paired arytenoid cartilage

Question 11

distal larynx

Answer 11

syrinx

• creates voice
• species and gender spesific
• parrots=17 pair of muscles

made up from:

• terminal part of trachea + first part of main bronhus

first part: tracheobronchealis –> tympanum

Pessulus: cartialge at the end of the membrana tympanoformis (med+lat)

muscle: sternotrachealis, trachealis lateralis

Question 12

sinus infraorbitalis

Answer 12

paranasal sinus

overlaps the caudal concha

not covered by anything but skin

Question 13

lungs

Answer 13

not lobed

dorsal third lies under the rib cage

costal surface

visceral surface

Question 14

first bronchi - continuation

Answer 14

cartilage

mesobronchi - no cartilage

saccobronchus - airsacs

Question 15

Air sacs - amount

Answer 15

9 airsacs

4 pairs

1 single

Question 16

name the airsacks

Answer 16

1. paired cervical airsack
2. clavicular airsack - fused = unpaired
   
   • in contact with the syrinx
3. paired cranial thoracic
4. paired caudal thoracic
5. paired abdomnial

Question 17

the task of airsacs

Answer 17

similar to air ballons

no gas exchange

stores air until expiration

allows a continous stream of air to pass through the lungs an a one way flow

Question 18

airflow

Answer 18

Inhalation

• air leaves the lungs
• posterior airsacs will expand

Exhalation

• air enters the lungs
• anterior air sacs will contract

Question 19

cycle 1 - inhalation

Answer 19

trachea - mesobronchi - posterior thoracic sacs + abdomnial sacs

Question 20

cycle 1 - exhalation

Answer 20

caudal sacs will contract - into lungs - parabronchi

gas exchange

Question 21

cycle 2 - inhalation

Answer 21

air in lungs - cervical + interclavicula + cranial th air sacs

Question 22

cycle 2 - exhalation

Answer 22

cranial sacs contract - air into trachea - up and out the nostrils

Question 23

penis

Answer 23

phallus

• protruding or non protruding

Parts

• basis
• flexura phalli
• pars glandulaes
• apex
• sulcus phalli

Question 24

parts of the cloaca

Answer 24

colon rectum

coprodeum

urodeum

proctodeum

Question 25

plicas in the cloaca

Answer 25

plica colocoprodeum plica coprourodeum plica uroproctodealis

Question 26

found within the urodeum

Answer 26

ostium urethralis papillae ductus deference (male) fossa ejaculatoria (male)

Question 27

testicles

Answer 27

lies in contact with the intestine, liver, kidney and caudal thoracic sac epididymus is small and crosses the urether

Question 28

female genital system

Answer 28

infundibulum magnum isthmus uterus vagina ostium tuba uterina

Question 29

cloaca

Answer 29

where intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts open.