A4.1 Evolution and Speciation

Question 1

Heritable Characteristics

Answer 1

Traits inherited by offspring from parents

Question 2

Evolution

Answer 2

The change in the heritable characteristics of a population.

Question 3

Darwinism

Answer 3

Evolution by natural selection.

Question 4

Acquired characteristics

Answer 4

Characteristics of individual organisms that can change during their lifetimes, not necessarily inherited genetically.

Question 5

Lamarckism

Answer 5

A theory for evolution that was based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Question 6

Falsification for Lamarckism

Answer 6

The inheritance of acquired characteristics would require specific changes to be made to genes, while mutations are unexpected changed in a DNA base sequencing.

Question 7

Pragmatic Truth

Answer 7

A theory that predicts and explains observations, a truth that works.

Question 8

The more closely related two species are in their morphology…

Answer 8

the fewer distances in base sequence they will have.

Question 9

Evidence for evolution in base sequencing

Answer 9

Comparing base, amino acid, or RNA sequences of the same gene in different species.

Question 10

Artificial Selection

Answer 10

Selecting species with desirable traits from wild species for breeding, such as a variety of crops and animal breeds grown for human society.

Question 11

Evidence for Natural Selection (and therefore Darwinistic evolution you fucking moronic shitsack :))

Answer 11

Artificial selection has caused changes in domesticated crop species and animals over short periods of time and has caused rapid evolution, making it reasonable that natural selection has caused evolutionary changes over a much longer period of time.

Question 12

Groups of vertebrates that have limbs

Answer 12

Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

Question 13

Groups of vertebrates that have limbs

Answer 13

Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

Question 14

Pentadactyl limb

Answer 14

A limb with five units that is characteristic to the four groups of vertebrates (amphibians, mammals, reptiles, birds)

Question 15

Humerus

Answer 15

Single bone in proximal part

Question 16

Carpals

Answer 16

group of wrist bones

Question 17

Radius and ulna

Answer 17

Two bones in distal part

Question 18

Metacarpals and phalanges

Answer 18

Series of bones in each five digits

Question 19

Homologous structures

Answer 19

Structures that have structural similarities despite the differences in their function.

Question 20

Adaptive radiation

Answer 20

Development based on different types of environments.

Question 21

Analogous Structures

Answer 21

features of different species that are similar in function and structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature

Question 22

Explanation for homologous structures

Answer 22

All 4 vertebrates share a common ancestor that had pentadactyl limbs but the limbs developed in widely different ways because they adopted different types of locomotion.

Question 23

Explanation for analogous structures (convergent evolution)

Answer 23

They had different evolutionary origins but became similar because they perform the same or similar functions.

Question 24

Example of convergent evolution so you’re not fucking screwed

Answer 24

Octopus and human embryos have similar early stages of eye development, but significant structural differences . The last common ancestor of mollusks and humans was eyeless, indicating analogous structures.

Question 25

What’s the converse of speciation

Answer 25

EXTINCTION, in that it reduces the number of species on earth

Question 26

What two processes are required for speciation to occur?

Answer 26

Reproductive isolation and differential selection.

Question 27

Reproductive isolation

Answer 27

Two populations stop interbreeding and therefore separate gene pools and therefore diverge.

Question 28

Geographical separation (EXAMPLES of causes)

Answer 28

Mountain ranges, Wide rivers, Stretches of oceans between islands, (Lava lizards and Galapagos)

Question 29

Factors in differential selection

Answer 29

Climate, predation (predators), competition (resources)

Question 30

An Example of speciation

Answer 30

Bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan droglodytes) - closely related, - geographically separated by the Congo river which is probable to have fell drastically and rose again, became isolated. - Founder population was subject to different selection pressures (food), and diverged from chimpanzees to bonobos.

Question 31

Allopatric speciation

Answer 31

Speciation if the populations live in different areas, wherein the reproductive isolation is geological.

Question 32

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 32

Speciation when populations live in the same area.

Question 33

Temporal Reproductive Isolation

Answer 33

Populations of a species breed at different times. Example: Magicicada septendecim switch from breeding every 17th year to every 13th year within the range of the species, generating a new species, Magicicada neotredecim.

Question 34

Behavioral reproductive isolation

Answer 34

Populations of a species have differences in behavior that prevent interbreeding. Example: Fruit flies attracted to volatile compounds from hawthorn fruits to lay eggs and larvae or apple and dogwood fruits instead. (Different larval food source, different times when three fruits ripen.)

Question 35

Adaptations

Answer 35

Characteristics that make an individual suited to its environment or way of life.

Question 36

Adaptive Radiation (ONCE FUCKING AGAIN)

Answer 36

A pattern of diversification in which species that have evolved from a common ancestor occupy a range of ecological roles.

Question 37

How many chromosomes do horses have?

Answer 37

64 chromos

Question 38

Donkey chromos

Answer 38

62

Question 39

Mule chromos

Answer 39

63

Question 40

Interspecific Hybrids

Answer 40

Hybrids produced by cross-breeding members of different species.

Question 41

Natural Interspecific Hybridization

Answer 41

Occurs if the ranges of closely related species overlap in an ecosystem. (Partially or fully sterile)

Question 42

Examples of Barriers to Hybridization

Answer 42

- Proteins in the membrane of female Plasmodium, gametes prevent fertilization by sperm of a different species when a host is infected with more than one species. - Courtship behavior is used by a bird to ensure that a partner is from the same species.

Question 43

Polyploid Organism

Answer 43

Has more than two sets of homologous chromosomes.

Question 44

Polyploidy

Answer 44

A whole-genome duplication, happens when the chromosomes in a cell are duplicated but the cell does not divide, results in autotetraploid.

Question 45

Autotetraploid

Answer 45

non-hybrid tetraploid

Question 46

Example that falsifies Lamarckism:

Answer 46

Trees’ asymmetrical shape from wind is not inherited to its offspring.