A5 Eye

Question 1

Eyelids

Answer 1

Moveable folds covered externally by skin and internally by conjunctiva

Question 2

Conjunctiva

Answer 2

transparent mucous membrane

Question 3

Palpebral

Answer 3

covers the inner surface of the eyelid

Question 4

bulbar

Answer 4

continuous with the palpebral conjunctiva and covers the sclera

contains blood vessels

Question 5

conjunctival sac

Answer 5

space bounded by the palpebral and and bulbar conjunctiva

Question 6

obicularis oculi

Answer 6

muscle around the eye the allows for facial expression

Question 7

superior and inferior tarsi

Answer 7

dense band of connective tissue

Question 8

tarsal glands

Answer 8

secretes lipids to lubricate the eyelid

Question 9

lacrimal apparatus

Answer 9

contains the lacrimal gland, duct, and canaliculi

Question 10

lacrimal gland

Answer 10

produces tears

Question 11

lacrimal canaliculi

Answer 11

takes tears from the lacrimal lake to the lacrimal sac to the nasolacrimal duct to nasal cavity

Question 12

lacrimal lake

Answer 12

pinkish yellow reservoir of tears

Question 13

levator palpebrae superioris

Answer 13

raises the upper eyelid

oculomotor n. (CN III)

Question 14

parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal apparatus

Answer 14

secretomotor innervation from CNVII

Question 15

sympathetic innervation to the lacrimal apparatus

Answer 15

vasoconstrictive innervation from superior cervical ganglion

Question 16

Name the extra ocular rectus muscles

Answer 16

superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus

Question 17

Name the extra ocular oblique muscles

Answer 17

superior oblique

inferior oblique

Question 18

innervation of the rectus muscles

Answer 18

oculomotor n. (CN III)

abducent n. (CN VI) - innervates the lateral recuts

Question 19

innervation of the oblique muscles

Answer 19

IO - oculomotor n. (CNIII)

SO - trochlear n. (IV)

Question 20

There is movement around three axes. What are they?

Answer 20

vertical
transverse
anteroposterior

Question 21

Vertical movement of the eye

Answer 21

moves the eye medially and laterally

aka ABduction/ADDuction

Question 22

Transverse movement of the eye

Answer 22

moves the eye superiorly and inferiorly

AKA elevation/depression

Question 23

Anteroposterior movement of the eye

Answer 23

moves the posterior pole of the eye superiorly and inferiorly

AKA intorsion/extorsion

Question 24

Superior rectus movements

Answer 24

elevation, adduction, intorsion

Question 25

inferior rectus movements

Answer 25

depression, adduction, extorsion

Question 26

medial rectus

Answer 26

adduction

Question 27

lateral rectus

Answer 27

abduction

Question 28

superior oblique

Answer 28

depression, abduction, intorsion

Question 29

inferior oblique

Answer 29

elevation, abduction, extorsion

Question 30

Layers of the eyeball

Answer 30

Fibrous Vascular Inner: retina

Question 31

Components of the fibrous layer

Answer 31

sclera and cornea

Question 32

Sclera

Answer 32

white of the eye; dense connective tissue

Question 33

cornea

Answer 33

clear anterior surface of the eye; continuous with the sclera

Question 34

components of the vascular layer

Answer 34

choroid ciliary body iris

Question 35

choroid

Answer 35

dense vascular bed

Question 36

ciliary body

Answer 36

muscular and vascular, connects choroid to iris

Question 37

What controls the thickness of the lens (focus)?

Answer 37

contraction and relaxation of the ciliary body

Question 38

iris

Answer 38

thin, contractile diaphragm with a central hole (pupil) --> transmits light

Question 39

Retina layers

Answer 39

neural: light receptive, contains rods and cones Pigmented: reduces light scatter

Question 40

ocular fundus

Answer 40

posterior part of the retina where light is focused

Question 41

optic disc

Answer 41

where the optic nerve hits the back of the eye

Question 42

macula lutea

Answer 42

"yellow spot" apparent only when examined with red-free light

Question 43

fovea centralis

Answer 43

area of most acute vision

Question 44

Detached retina

Answer 44

Usually results from fluid seepage between neural and pigmented layers of retina after trauma Presents as flashes of light or floating specks

Question 45

pneumatic retinopexy

Answer 45

gas bubble pushes retina back in place, laser to seal hole

Question 46

types of accommodation

Answer 46

distant vision | near vision

Question 47

distant vision

Answer 47

absence of nerve stimulation meaning: ciliary muscle relaxed zonular fibers tense lens stretched thin

Question 48

near vision

Answer 48

parasympathetic stimulation via CN III causes: ciliary muscle contract relaxation of zonular fibers lens becomes more spherical

Question 49

what is the default shape of the lens?

Answer 49

round

Question 50

what happens to the lens with age?

Answer 50

thickness of lens increases ability to accommodate is restricted (after age 40) require reading glasses

Question 51

Optic nerve (CNII)

Answer 51

``` Special sensory (vision) Right and left cross at optic chiasm and exits cranial cavity through optic canal ```

Question 52

Pupillary light reflex

Answer 52

1. Lightstimulatesretina,CNII:Optic n. 2. AfferentsfromOpticn.pass through optic chiasm, synapse at pretectal nuclei 3. PretectalneuronssignalEdinger- Westphal nucleus 4. EWNsendsparasympathetic signals through CN III: Oculomotor n. (efferent) to sphincter pupillae m.

Question 53

Pupil dilation is under what control?

Answer 53

sympathetic control

Question 54

Horner's syndrome

Answer 54

lack of sympathetic activity which manifests as: pupil constriction drooping of superior eyelid vasodilation absence of sweating

Question 55

Arteries of orbit

Answer 55

Mostly from ophthalmic a. | Central retinal a. branches off ophthalmic and runs in optic n. to eyeball

Question 56

Veins of orbit

Answer 56

superior and inferior ophthalmic veins -> superior orbital fissure to cavernous sinus