Aaa Flashcards
What is the full form of ADR?
Adverse Drug Reaction
ADR refers to harmful or unintended responses to a medication.
What is the difference between ADRs, AEs, and SEs?
ADRs are harmful responses, AEs are adverse events, and SEs can be beneficial or harmful
SEs are often informally referred to as side effects.
What are the two classifications of ADRs according to the Rawlins–Thompson classification?
Type A and Type B
Type A reactions are dose-related, while Type B reactions are idiosyncratic.
What factors can increase Type A ADRs?
- Drug concentration
- Patient factors
Examples include renal dysfunction and genetic variations affecting drug metabolism.
What is a common example of a Type A ADR?
NSAID-induced peptic ulceration
This occurs due to predictable pharmacological effects.
How can Type B ADRs be managed effectively?
By taking a careful patient history and communicating with other health professionals
This helps identify predisposing factors.
List some strategies to avoid adverse drug events.
- Never use a drug without a good indication
- Check for allergies
- Review concurrent medications
- Consider age and organ function
- Avoid polypharmacy
These strategies enhance patient safety.
What is the incidence of ADRs generally categorized into?
Very common, common, uncommon, rare, and very rare
This classification helps in understanding the frequency of ADRs.
True or False: The Yellow Card Scheme encourages reporting all suspected ADRs in children.
True
This includes even minor reactions.
What is the estimated number of medication errors per year in the NHS?
237 million
This leads to significant economic and health consequences.
What is the prescribing error rate observed in acute hospitals?
8.9 errors per 100 medicine orders
This indicates a high frequency of prescribing errors.
Fill in the blank: A medication error is any preventable event that can cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the _______.
healthcare professional, patient or consumer
This broad definition encompasses various scenarios.
What are some factors that contribute to medication errors?
- Work environment
- Workload
- Lack of knowledge
- Inadequate training
These factors highlight systemic issues in healthcare settings.
What should be avoided in directions for medication use?
- ‘MDU’ or ‘as directed’
- PRN or ‘as required’ without guidance
Ambiguous instructions can lead to errors.
What percentage of individuals exposed to penicillin experience allergic reactions?
1-10%
Reactions can include rashes and anaphylaxis.
True or False: The term ‘allergy’ is often used correctly in clinical settings.
False
The term is frequently misunderstood and overused.
What is a common error related to prescribing for patients with a penicillin allergy?
Incorrectly prescribing Tazocin and Co-amoxiclav
This indicates a lack of knowledge regarding antibiotic contraindications.
What are common factors inhibiting the reporting of medication errors?
- Uncertainty of definition
- Fear of ridicule
- Fear of litigation
These barriers prevent open communication about errors.
What does Medicines Management refer to in a hospital setting?
Policies, procedures, and quality assurance systems for safe medication use
It is a collective responsibility.
What is the expected outcome for patients aged over 65 in terms of preventable adverse drug events?
14 preventable adverse drug events per year
This statistic highlights the vulnerability of older adults.
What is the leading cause of prescribing errors according to the document?
Mismatch between doctor’s and patient’s expectations
This can lead to unnecessary prescriptions.
