AAMC Psych/Sosc Flashcards

Question

What is reciprocal determinism?

Answer 1

reciprocal determinism is a model composed of three factors that influence behavior: the environment, the individual, and the behavior itself. According to this theory, an individual's behavior influences and is influenced by both the social world and personal characteristics. As an example, Bandura's reciprocal determinism could occur when a child is acting out in school. The child doesn't like going to school; therefore, they act out in class. This results in teachers and administrators of the school disliking having the child around.

Answer 2

Pseudo-kinship describes social ties that are not true kinship ties, such as by blood or marriage. Pseudospeciation in its extreme form describes attempts to dehumanize other groups.

Answer 3

Declarative memory is of two types: semantic and episodic. Semantic Memory is recall of general facts and concepts, while Episodic Memory is recall of personal facts, events and experiences. Remembering the capital of France and the rules for playing football uses semantic memory. Remembering what happened in the last game of the World Series uses episodic memory. Semantic memory is also known as crystallized intelligence the capacity for retrieving this general information is unaffected by aging

Answer 4

Sometimes information that unconsciously enters the memory affects thoughts and behavior, even though the event and the memory of the event remain unknown. Such unconscious retention of information is called Implicit Memory. Example: Tina once visited Hotel California with her parents when she was ten years old. She may not remember ever having been there, but when she makes a trip there later, she knows exactly how to get to the swimming pool. Explicit Memory is conscious, intentional remembering of information. Remembering a social security number involves explicit memory.

Answer 5

Declarative Memory is recall of factual information such as dates, words, faces, events, and concepts. Remembering the capital of France, the rules for playing football, and what happened in the last game of the World Series involves declarative memory. Declarative memory is usually considered to be explicit because it involves conscious, intentional remembering. Type of explicit memory specific to facts and events. Procedural Memory is recall of how to do things such as swimming or driving a car. Procedural memory is usually considered implicit because people don’t have to consciously remember how to perform actions or skills. This is a type of implicit memory which is just specific to skills and tasks.

Answer 6

BATS Drink Blood Awake = Beta Waves (you BETA stay awake...) Getting drowsy (ex: getting drowsy in class) = Alpha-waves N1 = theta waves (can experience hypnagogic halluncinations + hypnic jerks) N2 = MORE theta waves (also, K-complexes and Sleep Spindles) N3/4 = delta waves (deep sleep). Sleep walk + bed- wetting can occur here REM = beta waves (your brain activity is as if your awake) BUT REM is called paradoxical because although your brain is awake, your movement is paralyzed. ...and then it repeats

Answer 7

The stages of sleep include three non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stages and one rapid eye movement (REM) stage. The stages proceed in the following order and cycle such that N1 follows REM: N1, N2, N3, REM. During N1, the individual loses sensation of his or her environment and becomes more relaxed, both mentally and physiologically. Brain waves slowly transition from alpha waves (characteristic of wakefulness) to lower frequency theta waves. During N2, environmental awareness completely disappears. Brain waves are characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes, which are short bursts of higher frequency waves. General wave patterns follow theta wave trends, with the exception of these interruptions. During N3, the individual enters deep sleep. Brain activity is characterized by a high presence of very low frequency delta waves. Parasomnias, such as sleepwalking and night terrors, can occur during stage N3 sleep. REM sleep is characterized by neural acetylcholine secretions, which cause brain waves to increase in frequency and resemble alpha forms. The body's muscles are paralyzed, though the brain's activity is elevated. Dreams occur during this stage, and muscle paralysis is thought to prevent the sleeping individual from attempting to interact with their dreams. Delta waves are most concretely linked to the N3 stage of sleep.

Answer 8

in all but a relatively small number of people, the brain areas that process linguistic information (both production and comprehension) are lateralized in the left hemisphere.

Answer 9

Selective attention is the process of directing our awareness to relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli in the environment. This is an important process as there is a limit to how much information can be processed at a given time, and selective attention allows us to tune out insignificant details and focus on what is important.

Answer 10

instinctual drift is the phenomenon whereby established habits, learned using operant techniques, eventually are replaced by innate food-related behaviors. So the learned behavior “drifts” to the organism’s species-specific (instinctual) behavior.

Answer 11

cultural transmission addresses how culture is learned. Culture is passed along from generation to generation through various childrearing practices, including when parents expose children to music. As illustrated by the reminiscence bump, parents’ musical preferences affected their children’s memory of music

Answer 12

the proximal stimulus is the stimulus registered by the sensory receptors (e.g., the pattern of light falling on the retina) the proximal stimulus refers to physical stimulation that is available to be measured by an observer's sensory apparatus. Distal stimulus is the actual object, such as a picture, or tree, person, etc Proximal stimulus is what the distal stimulus is giving that you can sense--light stimuli, auditory stimuli, etc. it's the component that must be sensed by your sensory receptors. Proximal stimulus is the stimulation that actually occurs when your sensory receptors are activated... the neural activity. Distal stimulus is the actual stimulus or object in the real world that you end up sensing and then perceiving, which results in the proximal stimulus.

Answer 13

An agent of socialization is an individual, group or institution that contributes to people's socialization. Agents of socialization, such as parents, peers, schools, religious groups, media, and others, shape an individual's self-concept, values, and behavior.

Answer 14

theory in evolutionary biology in which an organism's genetic success is believed to be derived from cooperation and altruistic behaviour. Inclusive fitness theory captures how individuals can influence the transmission of their genes to future generations by influencing either their own reproductive success or that of related individuals.

Answer 15

Statistical adjustment refers to controlling for variables that could affect the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable

Answer 16

calls attention to how factors outside of individuals, including community values and other aspects of culture, can motivate behavior.. Incentive theories proposed that behavior is motivated by the “pull” of external goals, such as rewards, money, or recognition. It's easy to think of many situations in which a particular goal, such as a promotion at work, can serve as an external incentive that helps activate particular behaviors.”

Answer 17

Drive theory is based on the principle that organisms are born with certain psychological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied. When a need is satisfied, drive is reduced and the organism returns to a state of homeostasis and relaxation. Humanistic psychology is a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization. Rather than concentrating on dysfunction, humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfill their potential and maximize their well-being. Focuses on a person reaching self actualization after fulilling hierachy of needs Psychoanalytic theory is the theory of personality organization and the dynamics of personality development that guides psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology. Freuds theories on the id, ego, and superego, controlling of emotions

Answer 18

Social epidemiology focuses on the contribution of social and cultural factors to disease patterns in populations. It is also well positioned to supplement the biomedical approach because social epidemiology is a sub-field of epidemiology.

Answer 19

Cultural capital refers to knowledge, skills, education, and similar characteristics that are used to make social distinctions and that are associated with differences in social status

Answer 20

Symbolic interactionism examines small scale (or micro level) social interactions, focusing attention on how shared meaning is established among individuals or small groups. Clinical encounters involving patient–provider communication are consistent with the analysis of social interaction at the micro level. In addition, the study of rapport, empathy, and disagreements involves the interpretation of meaning among social actors. Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that develops from practical considerations and alludes to people's particular utilization of dialect to make images and normal implications, for deduction and correspondence with others.

Answer 21

The theory of social constructionism states that meaning and knowledge are socially created. Social constructionists believe that things that are generally viewed as natural or normal in society, such as understandings of gender, race, class, and disability, are socially constructed, and consequently aren’t an accurate reflection of reality. Social constructs are often created within specific institutions and cultures and come to prominence in certain historical periods. Social constructs’ dependence of historical, political, and economic conditions can lead them to evolve and change.

Answer 22

Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theory that focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society. Communication—the exchange of meaning through language and symbols—is believed to be the way in which people make sense of their social worlds. Symbolic interaction theory analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings that people impose on objects, events, and behaviors.

Answer 23

Rational choice theory states that individuals use rational calculations to make rational choices and achieve outcomes that are aligned with their own personal objectives. These results are also associated with an individual's best, self-interests. Rational choice theory: people are motivated to do things based on what is best for them. Exchange theory: this is an application of the rational choice theory onto societal interactions

Answer 24

The fundamental attribution error (also known as correspondence bias or overattribution effect) is the tendency for people to over-emphasise dispositional, or personality-based explanations for behaviors observed in others while under-emphasising situational explanations. In other words, people have a cognitive bias to assume that a person's actions depend on what "kind" of person that person is rather than on the social and environmental forces that influence the person.

Answer 25

The demographic transition theory addresses changes in the birth and death rate that are associated with economic development (specifically, related to industrialization) The typical pattern begins with a drop in the death rate leading to population growth followed by a drop in the birth rate leading to population stabilization. This is the demographic pattern seen the united states and several european countries during the 19th century

Answer 26

general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is a model of the body’s stress response that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. An individual enters the stage of exhaustion only after that individual has encountered the stressor for a prolonged period of time.

Answer 27

an independent stressor is assumed to occur independently of any influence from the person experiencing the stress. This is a unidirectional relationship (stressor leads to depressive symptoms). Dependent stressors, on the other hand, not only influence depression but could themselves be influenced by depression (i.e., a reciprocal relationship).

Answer 28

images projected to a visual field are represented in the opposite hemisphere of the brain. If “ball” is projected to the right visual field, the word will be represented in the left hemisphere where it could be verbalized by left-sided language centers. If a persons corpus callosum was cut in half a ball would have to be projected to the right visual field for the person to say ball

Answer 29

Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years once a person develops object permanence or object constancy, the ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen they move out of this phase Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7 once they understand conservation/constancy they move out of this phase (the glass of water trick) Concrete operational stage: ages 7 to 11, in this stage kids begin to understand that their thoughts are unique to them and that not everyone else necessarily shares their thoughts feelings and opinions Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up, abstract thought emerges gain the ability to systematically plan for the future and reason about hypothetical situations

Answer 30

exchange theory addresses decision making via cost-benefit analyses; similarly, incentive theory argues that individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors that produce rewards or incentives

Answer 31

Longitudinal studies are done over a long period of time, tracking a group of people and measuring a dependent variable at different time points. Cross sectional studies can give the potentially similar depth of data as longitudinal studies. Cross sectional studies measure dependent variables from a large group of participants at a given point in time Ethnographies focus on describing the culture of a group in very detailed and complex manner. The ethnography can be of the entire group or a subpart of it. It involves engaging in extensive field work where data collection is mainly by interviews, symbols, artifacts, observations, and many other sources of data.

Answer 32

Primary reinforcers are biological. Food, drink, and pleasure are the principal examples of primary reinforcers. But, most human reinforcers are secondary, or conditioned. Examples include money, grades in schools, and tokens. Secondary reinforcers acquire their power via a history of association with primary reinforcers or other secondary reinforcers. For example, if I told you that dollars were no longer going to be used as money, then dollars would lose their power as a secondary reinforcer

Answer 33

Impression management is a conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event by regulating and controlling information in social interaction.

Answer 34

According to Mead's theory, the self has two sides or phases: 'me' and 'I.' The 'me' is considered the socialized aspect of the individual. The 'me' represents learned behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of others and of society. This is sometimes referred to as the generalized other. The 'me' is considered a phase of the self that is in the past. The 'me' has been developed by the knowledge of society and social interactions that the individual has gained. The 'I', therefore, can be considered the present and future phase of the self. The 'I' represents the individual's identity based on response to the 'me.' The 'I' says, 'Okay. Society says I should behave and socially interact one way, and I think I should act the same (or perhaps different) and that notion becomes self The me and I have a didactic relationship like a system of checks and balances. The me exercises societal control over ones self. The me is what prevents someone from breaking the rules and boundaries of societal expectations. The I allows the individual to still express creativity and individualism and understand when to possibly bend and stretch the rules that govern social interactions.

Answer 35

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is scored such that higher scores correspond to more severe depression. Elevated cortisol levels are directly correlated to decreased brain serotonin and an increase in depression; therefore BDI scores and cortisol levels are directly correlated (as one increases, so does the other)

Answer 36

the primary motor cortex, which is responsible for initiating voluntary movement, is located in the frontal lobe. hunger, thirst, and sex drive are regulated by the hypothalamus, located in the diencephalon, just above the brain stem. breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure are regulated by the medulla oblongata, located in the hindbrain

Answer 37

Social facilitation is a phenomenon in which the presence of others improves a person’s performance (in manageable tasks). Social loafing occurs when individuals exert less effort when performing a group task than when they perform the same task independently. Social interference is a reduction in performance due to the presence of others. Conformity refers to changing one’s behavior to match that of other group members.

Answer 38

Conflict theory is a sociological theory that attempts to explain how power relates to social order and related conflict. Functionalism is a sociological theory that refers to the interdependence that exists among institutions within society (society functions like a body all parts of a whole).

Answer 39

ethnographic research involves observing social interactions in real social settings

Answer 40

Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research. They indicate how well a method, technique or test measures something. Reliability is about the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure. Validity refers to the extent to which a measure reflects the phenomenon being studied

Answer 41

Retinal disparity is one of the cues that humans use in order to perceive depth. Specifically, it involves the use of both eyes and refers to the difference between the view that each eye receives of a given object or scene

Answer 42

encoding specificity refers to enhanced memory when testing takes place under the same conditions as learning

Answer 43

Social desirability is the tendency of some respondents to report an answer in a way they deem to be more socially acceptable than would be their "true" answer. They do this to project a favorable image of themselves and to avoid receiving negative evaluations.

Answer 44

In correlational studies a researcher looks for associations among naturally occurring variables, whereas in experimental studies the researcher introduces a change and then monitors its effects.

Answer 45

The Hawthorne effect describes changes in research participants as a result of their awareness that they are being observed. The changes to the students’ study habits are best explained by the Hawthorne effect, which was first observed among workers. The Thomas theorem states that if an individual believes something to be real, then it is real in its consequences.

Answer 46

Korsakoff syndrome is a chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B-1). Korsakoff syndrome is most commonly caused by alcohol misuse, but certain other conditions also can cause the syndrome. A common symptom of the syndrome is confabulation or the production of a distorted memory without the intention to decieve. This is what the patient did meaning she likely has this AD: pathophysiology involves amyloid plaque buildup (in the extracellular fluid) and neurofibrillary tangles (occur intracellularly), along with hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins. In terms of psychological consequences, the disease involves it's hallmark sign: dementia, loss of memory or inability to learn new things. Schizophrenia is a syndrome that can be recognized through the development of paramoid delusions, having an altered memory is not the same thing so this is too extreme of a response. Dissociative disorder are conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity, or perception. The most common symptom is loss of memory

Answer 47

Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information that confirms or support one's prior personal beliefs or values. It is a type of cognitive bias. People display this bias when they gather or remember information selectively, or when they interpret it in a biased way

Answer 48

Classical conditioning involves forming an association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response. There are three basic phases of this process. (before during and after conditioning). The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus. The unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. In our example, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response. Before phase UCS is paired with a UCR The conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. The conditioned response must be learned, while the unconditioned response takes place with no learning. Once the association has been made between the UCS and the CS, presenting the conditioned stimulus alone will come to evoke a response even without the unconditioned stimulus. The resulting response is known as the conditioned response (CR). during conditioning phase involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. Eventually, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus. after conditioning phase, the conditioned stimulus alone triggers the conditioned response.

Answer 49

While manifest functions are consciously and deliberately intended to produce beneficial outcomes, latent functions are neither conscious nor deliberate but also produce benefits. They are, in effect, unintended positive consequences. They are related to structural functionalism

Answer 50

spreading activation suggests that, when a concept is activated, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it. Thus, people often retrieve unpresented members of a category when tested on their memory for a series of presented concepts from that category.

Answer 51

when groups are organized into hierarchies. Think social stratification, where individuals are grouped according to power, social status, income, occupation, etc. In sociology, social stratification occurs when differences lead to greater status, power, or privilege for some groups over others. Social stratification refers to the objective hierarchy in a society, and often more specifically addresses the class-based hierarchy.

Answer 52

Operationalization is the process by which researchers conducting quantitative research spell out precisely how a concept will be measured. Let's say a researcher is studying the effects of candy consumption on aggressiveness. Thus, the researcher counts how many times a kid pushes someone else during recess. The operational definition of aggressiveness here is the number of times the kid pushed someone. It's basically taking a vague term like aggressiveness and finding a way in which it can be measured.

Answer 53

Social reproduction is the process of perpetuating values and norms through socialization and social institutions. transmission of social inequalities from one generation to the next. Eg: poor families give birth to kids in poor neighborhoods, with less access to education and opportunities, and they grow up to be poor also.

Answer 54

self-verification refers to the tendency to seek out (and agree with) information that is consistent with one’s self-concept.

Answer 55

Experimental study (a study where we test to prove a causal relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable. Participants are randomly assigned to different groups or levels of the independent variable. Between-subjects and within-subjects designs are common experimental studies) Between-subjects design (participants are randomly assigned to to an experimental group in the study, such that a participant only participates in one group), Within-subjects design (also known as repeated-measures design, it is when a participant is exposed to every level of the independent variable. Gives you higher power because you are using more "subjects" in your study by using the same person in multiple conditions, and that you decrease individual difference effects seen in between-subjects designs.) Longitudinal study (a study that is conducted over a long period of time, usually uses a specific cohort of people. One example is to study incidence of heart disease in people over time, while monitoring things like their diet or smoking habits) Correlational study (study that attempts to determine if there is simply a relationship between two variables. The predictor variable is the correlational studies analog to an independent variable, while the criterion variable is an analog to a dependent variable. These are observational studies that do not prove causation between variables, while experimental research design does) Retrospective study (an observational study type where we look back at information in the past to try and find a trend between events in the past and current outcomes. One example would be conducting an experiment on people who suffer from Alzheimer's disease and looking back at their medical records to set up a relation between factors in the past and the current outcome. This type of study helps to develop and find potential risk factors for disease.) Prospective study (a study where we follow groups of people and see how their behavior in that time influence future outcomes. This kind of study is looking into the future, while retrospective studies are looking into the past. One popular example of this kind of study is by following nurses to determine long term health outcomes by looking at factors like stress, smoking, and level of exercise.) Mixed-method research design (a study where you use both qualitative and quantitative measures to conduct your study. One example would be using quantitative measures like how would you report your like for this product on a scale of 1 through 10, and then later following up with people who answered either negatively or poorly and asking them for their qualitative opinion.)

Answer 56

(1) Confounding variables can affect both IV and DV, but the important thing is they can create a relationship between IV and DV when there really isn't one. They also tend to be related to experimental design more so than the others. In our example, let's say we didn't assign groups and we just let students use whatever note-taking method they usually do. We might find that those with lower socioeconomic status are less likely to be able to afford a laptop, and therefore are less likely to be in the "typed-notes" group. Those students may also be more likely to work a job, which gives them less time to study than non-working students. If we take this into account, the study is more about the effect of SES on academic performance, not note-taking style. We should modify our experimental technique to control for this. (A mnemonic someone told me once was that the Confounding variable is the Conspiracy...if that helps) (2) Mediating variables kind of transmit the effect of one variable to another? I don't really know how to explain it other than with an example sO let's say that typing notes allows you to write faster than hand-writing. This means you take more information down, and you have more to study from, so you do better on the test. In this case, the amount of information taken down is a mediating variable, because typing leads to more info leads to better scores. (3) Moderating variables affect the strength of the relationship between variables. Maybe the "typed-notes" group does WAY better than the "handwritten" group on History tests, but their scores are about the same in Math classes. https: //imgur.com/t1fzYmN

Answer 57

Sociocultural theory is an emerging theory in psychology that looks at the important contributions that society makes to individual development. This theory stresses the interaction between developing people and the culture in which they live. Sociocultural theory also suggests that human learning is largely a social process. Babies have four elementary functions attention sensation perception and memory. These elementary functions are developed into more sophisticated and mental processes (higher mental functions). This development requires a more knowledgeable other (MKO) a person with a better understanding than the learner. The zone of proximal development is the part where most sensitive instruction/guidance should be given. Language acts as an accelerator to thinking and understanding it is the main means by which adults transmit info to children and a powerful tool of intellectual adaptation

Answer 58

Organizations are institutions designed for a specific purpose collective goal and try to achieve maximum efficiency. Utilitarian organizations- members are paid/rewarded for their efforts (businesses government jobs and universities) Normative organizations- members come together through shared goals (MADD) Coercive organizations - members don’t have choice about membership (prison military)

Answer 59

Identity-Diffusion status is a status that characterizes those who have neither explored the options, nor made a commitment to an identity. The individual does not have firm commitments regarding the issues in question and is not making progress toward them. Those who persist in this identity may drift aimlessly with little connection to those around them or have little sense of purpose in life. Identity-Foreclosure status is the status for those who have made a commitment to an identity without having explored the options. The individual has not engaged in any identity experimentation and has established an identity based on the choices or values of others. Some parents may make these decisions for their children and do not grant the teen the opportunity to make choices. In other instances, teens may strongly identify with parents and others in their life and wish to follow in their footsteps. Identity-Moratorium status is a status that describes those who are exploring in an attempt to establish an identity but have yet to have made any commitment. The individual is exploring various choices but has not yet made a clear commitment to any of them. This can be an anxious and emotionally tense time period as the adolescent experiments with different roles and explores various beliefs. Nothing is certain and there are many questions, but few answers. Identity-Achievement status refers to the status for those who, after exploration, have made a commitment. The individual has attained a coherent and committed identity based on personal decisions. This is a long process and is not often achieved by the end of adolescence

Answer 60

mechanoreceptors which are Meissinheiners Corpuscle, Merkel, Ruffini, and Pacinian

Answer 61

Types of norms: Norms can be classified by formality, where formal norms are those that are generally written down and informal norms are generally understood but are less precise and carry no specific punishments. They can also be classified by their importance, where mores are highly important for the benefit of society and so are often strictly enforced. Folkways are norms that are less important but shape everyday behavior.

Answer 62

Distress-- a negative type of stress that builds up over time and has negative health effects. This is what we commonly associate with "stress." Eustress-- "good stress;" a stressor that helps motivate an individual toward an optimal level of performance or health. Ideally the stress we have about the mcat :') Neustress-- a "stressful" piece of information or sensory input that has no consequences on an individual and is perceived as unimportant (to the individual's safety). For example, a natural disaster in a far-away country.

Answer 63

fertility rate: population growth due to births rather than immigration total fertility rate: average # of children of a woman during her entire life crude birth rate: live births / 1000 people, yearly regardless of sex of those ppl general fertility rate: live births / 1000 women capable of childbearing, yearly place theory: pitch perception of a particular sound depends on where that sound's component frequencies hit/vibrate the basilar membrane within the cochlea (if hit base = perceived as high-frequency, apex = low-frequency; sort of like each sound has a "footprint" of the characteristic locations that its components hit the membrane) Berkson’s fallacy: type of selection, study takes sample/participants from a subpopulation instead of the general population The labeled-line model predicts that individual taste receptor cells will respond to only a single taste quality. Information about each taste quality is then transmitted by separate afferent pathways to the gustatory cortex via the medulla and the thalamus

Answer 64

Gustation and olfaction

Answer 65

Basal ganglia general function: - movement (aids voluntary movement and procedural learning) Specific functions: - helps coordinate movement, by inhibiting excess movement - helps coordinate learned movement patterns - general pattern of rhythm movements - subconciously adjusts conscious movements Basal ganglia has a major role in motor function, but also houses substantia nigra which is related to Parkinson's. Cerebellum general function: - movement coordination Specific functions: - coordination of complex movement, balance & posture, - integrating centre (information is turned into a code for movement) - muscle tone & spatial equilibrium

Answer 66

Cortisol releases energy stores into the blood through the degradation of amino acids, increased lipolysis, and blood glucose elevation. Serotonin - "S = Satisfaction/happiness" Produced in GI tract (enteric nervous system) but also found in CNS (Ralphe nuclei in brainstem) F(x): Feelings of satiation, happiness Increased levels in: OCD, panic disorders Decreased levels in: Anxiety, Insomnia, Depression, Seizures (I think of AIDS = sad, low serotonin)