Aaron Jennings Chapter 7b Vocab

Question 1

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Answer 1

Concept

Question 2

A mental image or best example of a category. Nothing new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

Answer 2

Proto type

Question 3

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Answer 3

Algorithm

Question 4

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone algorithms

Answer 4

Heuristic

Question 5

A sudden and often not realization of a solution to a problem; it contrast with strategy based solutions

Answer 5

Insight

Question 6

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Answer 6

Creativity

Question 7

The tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and take nor or distort contradictory evidence

Answer 7

Confirmation bias

Question 8

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

Answer 8

Fixation

Question 9

A tendency to approach a problem and one particular way, I often a way that has been successful in the past

Answer 9

Mental set

Question 10

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem-solving

Answer 10

Functional fixedness

Question 11

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Answer 11

Representativeness heuristic

Question 12

Estimating the likelihood of events based on other availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

Answer 12

Availability heuristic

Question 13

The tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

Answer 13

Overconfidence

Question 14

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Answer 14

Belief perseverance

Question 15

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Answer 15

Intuition

Question 16

The way an issue is posed; how it is she was framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

Answer 16

Framing

Question 17

Are spoken, written, or sign words and the ways we combined them to communicate meaning

Answer 17

Language

Question 18

In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Answer 18

Phoneme

Question 19

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word

Answer 19

Morpheme

Question 20

And language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Answer 20

Grammar

Question 21

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences and given language; also the study of meaning

Answer 21

Semantics

Question 22

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Answer 22

Syntax

Question 23

Beginning at about four months the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Answer 23

Babbling stage

Question 24

The stage and speech development from about age 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Answer 24

One-word stage

Question 25

Beginning at about age to the stage and speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements

Answer 25

Two word stage

Question 26

Early speech states in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs

Answer 26

Telegraphic speech

Question 27

Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Answer 27

Linguistic determinism

Question 28

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 28

Cognition