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Abd Final Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Transabdominal ultrasound imaging of the prostate gland is of most use in diagnosing what type of condition?
A

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

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2
Q
  1. The Courvoisier Sign is closely related to which of the pathology?
A

Pancreatic Carcinoma head

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3
Q
  1. What is the most common cause of splenomegaly in adults?
A

Portal hypertension

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4
Q
  1. What are the causes of pancreatic duct dilation?
A

Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer

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5
Q
  1. Know the ultrasound appearance of a simple renal cyst
A
  • Anechoic

- well defined walls

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6
Q
  1. In children, the counterpart of hepatocellular carcinoma is?
A

Hepatoblastoma

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7
Q
  1. The liver can be used as a sonographic window for which of the organs (or structures)?
A
  • Pancreas
  • Rt Kidney
  • Gallbladder
  • IVC
  • Aorta
  • diaphragm
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8
Q
  1. The prostate gland produces _________ fluid
A

seminal fluid

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9
Q
  1. Following trauma to the spleen, would you see fluid in perinephric fluid collection?
A

Yes, you would see perinephric
Fluid collection in extreme trauma

Hematocrit decreases

Not Extreme trauma = Morrison’s pouch fluid collection

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10
Q
  1. With focal sparing of the liver, the area that is spared will appear as?
A

odd shaped hypoechoic area

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11
Q
  1. The WES sign is indicative of what condition?
A

Gallstone or multiple small gallstones filling the lumen

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12
Q
  1. End-stage kidneys (renal failure) are characteristically associated with?
A
  • Decrease in size (Atrophy)
  • Increased echogenicity (Hyperechoic)
  • Low urine output (Oliguria)
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13
Q
  1. Normal variants of the kidney?
A
  • Hypertrophied Column of Bertin
  • Dromedary hump
  • Bilateral Renal Agenesis
  • Unilateral Renal Agenesis
  • Supernumerary kidney
  • Pelvic Kidney
  • Crossed fused renal ectopia
  • Thoracic kidney
  • Horseshoe kidney
  • Cake/lump kidney
  • Sigmoid kidney
  • Unilateral hypoplasia
  • Persistent fetal lobulation
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14
Q
  1. Renal cell carcinoma - most common in elderly or young, know location of it, where it would metastasize.
A
  • Most common malignancy of the renal in the adult
  • More common in males over 40 years of age
  • Usually unilateral
  • Metastases to renal veins, IVC, contralateral kidney, adrenals, para aortic nodes, lung liver, brain Long bones.
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15
Q
  1. Transitional Cell carcinoma of the kidneys appear? (Where does it show up in US?)
A

Renal Pelvis

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16
Q
  1. Angiomyolipoma - US appearance, symptoms and signs
A 
Angiomyolipoma (Renal Hamartoma)
US appearance:
-Homogenous
-Typically well circumscribed
-Hyperechoic (greater than sinus fat)
Signs and Symptoms:
Nausea, Vomiting, anemia, hypertension
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17
Q
  1. In infantile polycystic kidney disease, the kidneys appear?
A
  • Bilateral enlargement of kidneys
  • Increased echogenicity
  • poorly defined borders
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18
Q
  1. Signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy? (BPH)
A
  • Weak urinary stream
  • Urinary urgency
  • Nocturia
  • Leaking and dribbling of urine
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19
Q
  1. Wilson’s Disease
A
  • Rare congenital disorder
  • Faulty copper metabolism
  • Eventually results in severe damage to liver and brain
  • Diagnosis - blood and urine tests, liver biopsy
  • Treatment - Penicillamine
  • Signs eyes may have brownish green ring
  • Ultrasound - Range from hepatomegaly to cirrhosis
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20
Q
  1. Grave’s Disease
A
  • Anxiety
  • Irritability
  • Tremor in hands and fingers
  • Increased size of gland (goiter)
  • Decrease in echogenicity
  • Increased vascularity in gland
  • hypothyroidism
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21
Q
  1. A “strawberry gallbladder” refers to which condition?
A

Cholesterolosis

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22
Q
  1. Hemangioma - review US appearance, symptoms, and signs
A
  • Hemangioma - most common (of the benign splenic neoplasms), small
  • US appearance variable (hyperechoic to mixed)
  • in liver and spleen
  • rarely experience symptoms (asymptomatic)
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23
Q
  1. Adrenal hemorrhage is most common in which population?
A

neonates 2-7 days old

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24
Q
  1. Cause of a fluid collection around the testicle?
A

Epididymitis

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25
25. US appearance of testicular torsion?
- Enlarged testicle - Decreased echogenicity - Scrotal wall thickening - Possible hydrocele - Lack of arterial flow on doppler
26
26. The most common malignancy of the testicle?
Seminoma (most common) 40-50%
27
27. Acute pancreatitis - know amylase and lipase rise rate
- Blood and urinary amylase increase within 24 hours - stays elevated for 48-72 hours - Lipase increase within 24-48 hours - stays elevated 5-14 days - Amylase 2x times normal level indicates acute pancreatitis
28
28. Neuroblastoma
Common in neonates - Malignant tumor of the adrenal - May displace renals inferiorly and anteriorly - Peak incidence is 2 months through 4 years - Virulent - Difficult to distinguish from Wilms Tumor - Mets usually present by time of diagnosis
29
*29. A cyst in the epididymal head cannot be differentiated by ultrasound from a
Spermatocele | pg 537
30
30. What is the most commonly used view in mammography?
Mediolateral oblique (MLO) - most valuable view; mass localization superior to inferior to nipple
31
31. Parathyroid adenomas, the lab value associated with this lesion is?
Elevated Serum Calcium (hypercalcemia)
32
32. Know parameters in differentiating cystic from solid lesion
Anechoic Well defined walls Echogenic
33
*33. Know ultrasound characteristics that are suspicious for malignancy in the breast
- Taller than wide | - Spiculated appearance
34
34. Know what conditions are related to a hyperechoic appearance of the pancreas
*Cystic Fibrosis | Acute pancreatitis
35
35. Know sonographic findings that are compatible with the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreatic head
Hypoechoic mass Poorly defined Usually greater than 2 cm
36
36. Mirizzi syndrome - which duct is involved in it?
- Stone impacted in cystic duct or neck of GB - May compress CBD - Dilated intrahepatic ducts
37
37. In which zone is the majority of prostate cancer found?
the peripheral zone
38
38. Jaundice can be attributed to which conditions?
- Liver metastases - GB carcinoma - Choledocal cyst - Biliary obstruction - Choledocholithiasis - Cholangiocarcinoma - Acute Pancreatitis - Pancreatic Carcinoma - Biliary Atresia (neonatal) - hepatitis
39
39. Portal hypertension - US appearance
Recanalized umbilical vien (LIG Teres)
40
40. Carcinoma of the gallbladder - US appearance, symptoms and signs.
Ultrasound appearance: - Variable - Focal wall thickening - Irregular wall borders - Solid mass within lumen - Gallstones may be trapped within mass Signs and symptoms: Asymptomatic, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, belching, RUQ pain, jaundice when biliary tree infiltrated
41
42. Do a halo sign in the thyroid gland typically (most likely) represent an adenoma?
Classically has peripheral echolucent halo | -Its presence DOES NOT rule out the possibility of thyroid carcinoma
42
43. The longus colli muscle muscle can mimic what pathology?
Thyroid mass
43
*44. Do amebic abscess is associated with the "floating water lily sign"?
False - has nothing to do with abcess
44
45. The normal caudate lobe is less echogenic than the right and left lobes of the liver. True or False?
False
45
46. Elevated levels of direct bilirubin usually indicates biliary obstruction outside the liver. True or False?
True
46
47. Do Jaundice is associated with Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. True or False?
False
47
48. Cryptorchidism is associated with previous a previous episode of the Mumps. True or False?
False
48
49. Porcelain gallbladder is it a congenital condition?
False - Not a congenital condition
49
50. A spiculated mass in the breast is suspicious for malignancy or not?
True - Spiculated mass is suspicious for malignancy
50
51. Is hemangioma of the liver a malignant condition? True or False?
False | benign
51
52. Renal cell carcinoma may invade the renal vein? True or False?
True
52
53. A breast fibroadenoma has a strong potential for malignancy. True or False?
False? | benign
53
*54. A simple breast cyst will most likely change shape with compression. True or False?
true
54
*56. A choledochal cyst - is it congenital, know location of this cyst, which duct is involved in it?
- Congenital cyst-like dilation of common duct - Most common is cyst-like dilation in porta hepatis area - Dilation of the CHD and CBD may be present - May have dilation of intrahepatic ducts
55
57. The majority of breast carcinomas occur in?
40% occur in upper outer quadrant
56
58. Using the fremitius maneuver in ultrasound examination of breast tissue, the suspected mass (if real) should?
- Should not compress | - Should not color
57
59. A fibroadenoma of the breast - is it benign or malignant, solid or cystic?
- Benign | - Solid
58
60. Know post-renal transplant fluid collections
urinoma, hematoma, perinephric abscess, lymphocele, seroma, are all fluid collections
59
61. What is galactocele?
a type of complex cyst in breast containing milk
60
62. Which of the follow is more ominous finding when visualizing a solid breast lesion?
Any findings associated with malignant breast tumors | -shadows that arise from the center portion of the lesion
61
*63. Abscess- know US appearance, signs and symptoms
- Dirty shadowing | - Internal echoes
62
64. A spermatocele would most likely be visualized on a LONG sonogram as?
- Small anechoic cystic structure | - posterosuperior to testicles
63
65. Highest risk factor for malignant breast disease is?
Gender
64
66. Elevated levels of Prostate specific antigen (PSA) are found in?
Prostate cancer Prostatitis BPH
65
67. Junctional fold - know what it is
Body and neck of gallbladder
66
68. Many congenital anomalies of the urinary tract are linked with anomalies of what other body system?
Reproductive system
67
69. Nice;) - Normal diameter of the pancreatic duct in the body of the pancreas in the young adult is?
Body of pancreas 2mm
68
70. The Tail of Spence is located in?
Axillary area
69
71. What is the main pancreatic duct?
Duct of Wursung
70
72. The quadrate lobe of the liver is a part of?
Medial segment of the left lobe
71
73. A major branch coming off of the common hepatic artery is the?
Gastroduodenal artery
72
74. Indications for a breast ultrasound examination
- Follow up after mammogram - Breast lumps - Lesions
73
75. The two segments of the right lobe of the liver are named?
Anterior and Posterior
74
76. The vessel, which courses between the aorta and superior Mesenteric artery, is?
Left Renal Vein
75
77. US appearance of mediastinum testis
Mediastinum testis - echogenic line in SAG and ovoid in TRV
76
78. US appearance of Medullary pyramids
Pyramids are triangular in shape in SAG | Pyramids are most hypoechoic area in ABD
77
79. Pampiniform plexus-
Is a venous network posterior to the testicles
78
80. Know normal size of teticle
4 cm SAG 3 cm TRV 2 cm AP
79
81. Increased incidence of thyroid carcinoma is associated with?
Radiation
80
82. If the prostate is judged to be enlarged, the sonographer should also check?
- Kidneys - blood - if can patient empty bladder
81
83. Functions of Cooper's suspensory ligaments
Structural support
82
84. Hepatocellular disease - know US appearance
Poor penetration echogenicity of liver increased splenomegaly ascites
83
85. Know upper limit of normal for the CBD after cholecystectomy
Up to 10mm
84
Echinococcal cyst
-AKA - Hydatid Disease -Cause: parasitic worm -Cysts are found 50% of the time in liver -Other Sites: Lung, Bone, Brain Ultrasound Appearance: -Simple cyst with or without wall calcification -Mother cyst with daughter cyst -Honeycomb cyst -Water Lily Sign
85
Hepatocellular CA
``` AKA: HCC, Hepatoma -Increased Risk (80%) with Cirrhosis -Increased risk with chronic hepatitis B and C Laboratory Values: -LFTs normal or elevated -AFP may be elevated ```
86
Courvoisier GB
- Enlarged GB - Painless Jaundice - Associated with pancreatic carcinoma
87
Acute cholecystitis
-May require emergency surgery (life threatening) -Usual cause: stone blocking cystic duct Patient signs and symptoms: -Acute RUQ pain (may refer to shoulder) -Fever, Chills, nausea, vomiting -Leukocytosis -increased serum bilirubin
88
Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
89
Transitional cell CA
- Originates from transitional cells of urinary tract - Occurs in: kidney, pelvis, ureter, bladder - More common in males after 60 years - causes hematuria
90
Adult polycystic kidneys
Autosomal Dominant (Adult) polycystic kidney disease - High degree of penetrance - Latent until 30’s or 40’s - Bilateral enlargement of kidneys with cysts too numerous to count - Renal cortex may have increased echogenicity - Cyst may be present in liver, pancreas, and spleen
91
Staghorn Calculus
- Type of infective stone - Fills entire renal pelvis to proximal ureter - Oddly shaped
92
Ureteropelvic junction
UPJ - Congenital form of obstructive uropathy - Causes hydronephrosis
93
*Annular pancreas
- Congenital anomaly - More common in males - Needs surgery
94
*Fibroadenoma
- Most common benign tumor of breast - Common in young - wider than tall
95
Varicocele
- Dilated tortuous veins of the pampiniform plexus - More common on left - May be cause of infertility appears as mass of tubular structures along the posterior aspect of testicle
96
Orchitis
Inflammation of the testicle causative factors: Epididymitis, Influenza, Mumps, Tonsillitis, STDs, Complex causes, Hydrocele
97
Phyllodes tumor
- Rare - solid - Palpable - tumor
98
Thyroglossal duct
*?
99
55. . Fibrocystic breast disease is most common in women over 50 years of age. True or False?
False

DMS (5 decks)

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