Abdo 2 Flashcards
1
Q
GI Secretion Parasympathetic and Sympathetic effects
A
Parasymp - Increase
Symp - Decrease
2
Q
GI Peristalsis Parasymp and Symp Effects
A
Parasymp Increase
Symp Decrease
3
Q
GI Blood Vessels Vasodilation is related to and Vasoconstriction to
A
Parasymp Vasodilation
Symp Vasoconstriction
4
Q
What is the effect of vagotomy on gastric secretion?
A
Permanent Decreased Gastric
5
Q
The foregut tends to refer to which region for pain
A
Epigastric
6
Q
The midgut tends to refer to which region for pain
A
Umbilical
7
Q
The handout tends to refer to which region for pain
A
Suprapubic
8
Q
The lumbar plexus originates from which ventral rami
A
L1-4
9
Q
The lumbar plexus is formed within which muscle
A
Psoas Major
10
Q
Iliohypogastric and Ilioinguinal Nerve Roots
A
L1
11
Q
Genitofemoral Nerve Root
A
L1,2
12
Q
Lat Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh Root
A
L3,4
13
Q
Obturator Nerve Root
A
L3,4,5
14
Q
Femoral Nerve Root
A
L2,L3,4
15
Q
Kidneys lie where
A
L3
16
Q
What is the anterior- to- posterior arrangement of the structures entering and leaving the hilum of kidney?
A
Renal Vein, Artery, Ureter
17
Q
How are the kidneys peritonised?
A
Retroperitoneal
18
Q
How are ureters peritonised
A
Retroperitoneal
19
Q
How are the kidneys peritonised?
A
Pelvis of Ureters
20
Q
The Ureter is normally constricted at 3 locations during its course from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Name these constriction points.
A
- At the junction of the ureters and renal pelvis (pelviureteric junction)
- Where the ureters cross the brim of the pelvic inlet
- During their passage through the wall of the urinary bladder.
21
Q
What is the anatomical location of the suprarenal gland?
A
Directly Sup to Kidney
22
Q
What type of gland is Adrenal Gland
A
Endocrine
23
Q
What is the name given to:
The peritoneum lining the body wall?
A
Parietal Peritoneum
24
Q
Parietal Peritoneum is derived from
A
Somatic Mesoderm
25
What is the name given to peritoneum lining viscera
Visceral
26
The Visceral peritoneum is derived from
Splanchic Mesoderm
27
Which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pressure, pain, heat & cold?
Parietal
28
There are no organs within the peritoneal cavity. What is present within the peritoneal cavity?
Peritoneal Fluid
29
Name the Retroperitoneal Organs
```
· S: suprarenal (adrenal) gland
· A: aorta/IVC
· D: duodenum (second and third part)
· P: pancreas (except tail)
· U: ureters
· C: colon (ascending and descending)
· K: kidneys
· E: (o)esophagus
R: rectum
```
30
Through which passage do greater and lesser sac communicate
Mental Foramen
31
Describe the boundaries of the epiploic foramen
Anteriorly: hepatoduodenal ligament containing portal vien, hepatic artery and bile duct
Posteriorly: IVC and right crus of diaphragm covered with parietal peritoneum,
Superior: liver covered with visceral peritoneum
Inferior: superior to first part of duodenum.
32
The greater momentum attaches from
greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon
33
The lesser momentum attaches from
the liver to the lesser omentum
34
Pain from parietal peritoneum is innervated by
T6-12 and L1
35
The hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments are parts of the
lESSER omENTUM
36
What is the falciform ligament and what structures lie within its free border?
The Falciform ligament attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and seperates the liver into the left medial and right lateral lobe. The free edge contains the ligamentum teres, a remnant of the umbilical vein.
37
What structure in the free edge of the falciform ligament is a remnant of an embryonic blood vessel?
Ligamentum Teres
38
Ligamentum Teres is known as what in embryo
Umbilical Vein
39
What is the transpyloric plane?
Transverse line half way between jugular suprasternal notch and pubic symphysis which transverses through pylorus.
40
List the structures in Transpyloric Plane
1. Pylorus of stomach
2. Hilum of Kidney
3. Neck of Pancreas
4. Gallbladder
9th Costal Cartilage
41
Which costal cartilage is gallbladder marking
9th
42
The spleen is found under ribs
9-11
43
The foregut runs from oesophagus to
Duodenum
44
The midgut runs from duodenum to
transverse colon
45
hindgut runs from transverse colon to
rectum
46
How long is oesophagus
25cm
47
the constrictions of oesophagus
It has 3 constrictions: cervical, thoracic and diaphragmatic
48
In which mediastinum is the oesophagus located?
Superior
49
What is the vertebral level of the oesophageal opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm?
T10
50
What are the other structures which pass through the diaphragm at the oesophageal opening?
1. Oesophagus
2. Right and Left Vagus Nerves
3. Left Gastric Artery
Left Gastric Vein
51
Oesophagus blood supply
Left Gastric and Left Inferior Phrenic Artery
52
What does the pyloric sphincter do
Controls exit of chyme
53
The pyloric sphincter is formed from
thickening of circular layer of smooth muscle
54
What are the 4 main veins draining stomach
1. Left Gastric Vein which drains into the hepatic portal vein.
2. Right Gastric Vein which drains into the hepatic portal vein.
3. Left Gastro Omental Vein which drains first to the splenic vein then to the hepatic portal vein.
4 Right Gastro Omental Vein which drains first to the superior mesenteric vein then to the hepatic portal vein.
55
All nodes of stomach the drain to one central group of nodes. What group of nodes do they drain to?
Coeliac Lymph nodes
56
Parasympathetic nerves for stomach come from ant and pos vagal trunks derived from
vagus nerve
57
symp nerves for stomach comes from
T6-9 and pass to coeliac plexus via greater splanchnic nerve
58
How many parts does duodenum have
Four
59
What organ sits within c shape of duodenum
Pancreas
60
Duodenum peritonised
Retropertioneal
61
There is a small opening in the duodenum where pancreatic and bile fluids enter the gut tube. What is this opening called?
Ampulla of Vater
62
What is meant by the term ‘bare area’ of the liver?
No peritoneal covering
63
Round ligament of liver (also called as ligamentum teres) is the remnant of which embryological structure?
Foetal Umbilical Vein
64
Name structures present in the porta hepatis:
19. Hepatic Portal vein
20. Hepatic Artery
21. Hepatic Duct
22. Hepatic Nerve Plexus
Lymphatic Vessels
65
What structures are in the portal triad?
Portal Venule
Hepatic Artery
Bile Duct
66
Where does central vein drain to
IVC
67
The extra hepatic biliary apparatus consists of
27. Left hepatic duct
28. Right hepatic duct
29. Common hepatic duct
30. Gallbladder
31. Cystic Duct
Common bile duct
68
Where is bile produced
Hepatocytes
69
While is bile stored
Gallbladder
70
Where does bile enter gut tube
Major Duodenal Papilla (Sphincter of Oddi)
71
Calot's Triangle is formed by
Cystic Duct, Common Hep Duct and Inferior Liver
72
How is the pancreas peritonised?
Retroperitoneal
73
Which vein is formed posterior to the neck of the pancreas?
Hepatic Portal Vein
74
Arterial supply of pancreas
Coeliac Trunk and Sup Mes Artery
75
Venous drainage of Pancreas
Splenic or Sup Mes Veins
76
Nerve supply of Pancreas
Pre-Aortic at T12 and to Pre Aortic at L1
77
How is spleen peritonised
Retroperitoneal
78
Name the structures in hilum of spleen
Splenic Artery, Vein and Lymphatic Vessels
79
The tail of which organ is closely related to hilum of the spleen?
Pancreas
80
The small intestine consists of
Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum
81
Jejunum Arterial Loops Characteristics
```
Deep Red
Great Vascularity
Long Vasa Recta
Less Fat
Large, Tall and Close Packed Circular Folds
```
82
Ileum Arterial Loops Characteristics
```
Paler Pink
Less Vascularity
Short Vasa Recta
More Fat
Many Short Loops
Low and Sparse Circular Folds
```
83
Which major blood vessel supplies the jejunum and ileum?
Sup Mes Artery
84
Where do the veins surrounding the jejunum and ileum drain to?
Hepatic Portal Vein
85
Which part of the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic) stimulations reduces the secretion and motility of the intestine and also acts as vasoconstrictor?
Sympathetic
86
What two structures open into the caecum?
Ileum and Appendix
87
What is the pectinate line?
It divides the anal canal into upper and lower parts, which differ in structure and neurovascular supply.
