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CNIH > abdo review- Male pelvis > Flashcards

abdo review- Male pelvis Flashcards

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1
Q

prostate location?

A
  • anterior to rectum
  • posterior to symphysis pubis
  • surrounding 1st part of urethra
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2
Q

what tissue id the prostate made of?

A
  • glandular tissue

- non-glandular tissue

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3
Q

what are the 4 zones of the prostate?

A
  1. anterior
  2. transitional
  3. central
  4. peripheral
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4
Q

what zone is closest to the abdomen?

A
  • anterior zone
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5
Q

what is the innermost part of the prostate gland, that surrounds the urethra where it passes through the organ?

A

transition zone

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6
Q

% of prostate cancers in the transition zone?

A

10%

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7
Q

what zone surrounds the transition zone?

A

central zone

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8
Q

% of prostate cancer in the central zone?

A

5%

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9
Q

what zone is located in the back of the prostate gland closest to the rectum?

A

peripheral zone

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10
Q

what prostate zone contatins the most cancer?

A

peripheral zone- 80% of cancers

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11
Q

seminal vesicles on ultrasound?

A
  • hypoechoic
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12
Q

contral and peripheral zones on u/s?

A
  • homogeneous

- hypoechoic area in posterior prostate

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13
Q

transition zone on u/s?

A

moderately hypoechoic

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14
Q

what is prostate-specific antigen (PSA)?

A
  • protein made by prostate

- measured by blood test

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15
Q

high PSA indicates?

A
  • malignancy (mainly)
  • enlarged prostate
  • infection
  • UTI
  • tests (cystoscopy/biopsy)
  • catheter
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16
Q

normal PSA level?

A

0-4

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17
Q

PSA higher than ___ is concidered a possible indicator of prostate cancer?

A

10

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18
Q

prostate calcifications?

A
  • normal finding

- most common in older individuals

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19
Q

what is corpora amylacea?

A
  • proteinaceous debris
  • sound attenuation
  • creates twinkle artifact
  • no clinical significance
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20
Q

what is the most common prostate problem for men younger than 50?

A

acute prostatitis

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21
Q

what is prostatitis?

A

focal or diffuse inflammation of the prostate

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22
Q

symptoms of prostatitis?

A
  • lower back pain
  • low grade fever
  • dysuria
  • urinary urgency
  • enlarged prostate
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23
Q

what is prostatitis caused by? (2)

A
  • UTI

- STI

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24
Q

prostatitis on u/s?

A
  • normal
  • hypoechoic
  • edmatous gland
  • slightly enlarged
  • increased colour
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25
what is BPH?
- benign prostatic enlargement
26
what does BPH result from?
- hyperplastic nodules form around the urethra and may obstruct the flow of urine causing urinary retention
27
where does BPH occur?
transition zone
28
what can BPH cause?
- pyelonephritis
29
who does BPH typically affect?
- men over 50 | - 70% of men aged over 70
30
what is the most common prostate problem for men older than aged 50?
BPH
31
BPH on u/s?
- transition zone irregular - enlarged - cysts - calcifications - central and peripheral zone may be compressed
32
BPH
33
enlarged prostate (BPH) treatments (3)?
1. alpha blockers 2. 5- alpha-reductase inhibitors 3. surgery
34
most common typer of surgical procedure for benign prostatic hyperplasia?
- TURP
35
What is TURP?
- transurethral resection of the prostate | - removes symptoms of enlarged prostate
36
what is often the 1st indication of malignant prostatic tumors?
bone matastases
37
whos at risk for prostate cancer?
- African American men - >60 years - genetics
38
sono features of prostate cancer?
- hypoechoic lesion in peripheral zone - isoechoic - near capsule - in apex - greatest portion of PZ - increased colour - capsule bulging
39
prostate cancer treatment?
- prostatectomy - radiation therapy - radioactive seed implants - cryotherapy - hormone therapy - chemo - watchful waiting - clinical trials
40
where is the periurethral gland?
lines prostatic urethra
41
where are the seminal vesicles located?
- superior to gland | - stores sperm
42
function of the verumontanum?
- divides prostatic urethra into prox and dist segments | - where ejaculatory ducts enter the urethra
43
functions of the prostate?
- secretes alkaline fluid to transport sperm - produces 80-85% of ejaculation fluid - produces PSA
44
what do secretions of the prostate gland contain?
- alkaline phosphatase - citric acid - PSA
45
what regulates prostate growth and function?
- testosterone | - dihydrotestosterone
46
3 main prostate pathologies?
1. infection (prostatitis) 2. benign (BRH, cysts) 3. malignant
47
what is parenchymal degenerative cysts most commonly associated with?
- BPH | - in transitional zone
48
what is a Parenchymal Degenerative Cyst?
- no clinical significance | - if large can contribute to urinary or ejaculatory obstruction
49
Parenchymal Degenerative Cysts on u/s?
- unilocular or thinly septated multilocular cyst in a BPH nodule in the transitional zone
50
what is Retention Cysts associated with BPH?
- focal cysts on the surface of the prostate | - <1cm
51
what do Retention Cysts associated with BPH occur from?
duct obstruction
52
Retention Cysts associated with BPH
53
where are congenital cysts usually located?
- in or close to midline | - Wolffian or pronephric ducts or mullerian ducts
54
what are utrical cysts caused by?
dilation of prostatic utricle
55
what are itrical cysts associated with?
unilateral agenesis
56
where are utrical cysts always located?
midline
57
where are mullerian duct cysts located?
- mainly midline but might extend laterally
58
mullerian and utricle cysts on u/s?
- tear dropped shaped pointy end pointing to verumontanum | - thick-walled
59
utricle cyst
60
ejaculatory cysts on u/s?
- fusiform shape | - usually small
61
cystic neoplasms on prostate?
- rare - cystadenoma - cystadenocarcinoma
62
abscess
63
what is menatospermia?
- blood in semen
64
caused of hematospermia?
- trauma - infection - obstruction - hypertension - vascular abnormalities - idiopathic
65
what are seminal vesicle cysts?
- rare - solitary - asymptomatic unless large
66
seminal vesicle cysts are associated with?
- ipsilateral renal anomalies - polycystic disease - hemivertebra - ipsilateral absence of testis
67
what can minic SV cysts or prostate cysts?
- ectopic uterocele - cowpers duct cyst - bladder diverticulum
68
calcifications of SV can occur with?
- diabetes | - infection
69
most connon reson for elevated PSA?
- BPH
70
The goal of PSA testing is to
identify early stage prostate cancers

CNIH (69 decks)

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