Abdomen 1.4 Flashcards
(37 cards)
What does the small intestine include?
- duodenum (secondarily retroperitoneal)
- jejunum (mesenteric)
- ileum (mesenteric)
What portion of the mesenteric SI does the jejunum and ileum include?
jejunum constitutes the proximal two-fifths and the ileum the distal three-fifths of the mesenteric small intestine
What is the difference between the jejunum and ileum?
- J larger in diameter
- J has longer straight arteries branching from its arterial arcades
- J less fat in mesentery
- J has prominent circular fold of mucosa (plicae circulares) in its inferior wall
What happens more distally in the small bowel?
concentration of aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s patches) increases
What is Crohn’s disease?
an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease that may affect any segment of the gastrointestinal tract but usually involves the small intestine and colon
How does Crohn’s present?
with abdominal pain (periumbilical or lower right quadrant), diarrhea, fever, and several other symptoms and is most common between the ages of 15 and 30 years
What does the large intestine include?
- the cecum (and the appendix)
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
- anal canal
What are characteristic features of the colon?
- Sacs of fat (omental appendices)
- longitudinal smooth muscle bands called taenia coli (3 bands exist)
- haustra
What is the colon responsible for functionally?
- dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials for elimination
- reabsorption of water and electrolytes
- its host defense mechanisms
What types of organs are the transverse and sigmoid colon?
intraperitoneal and are tethered by a mesentery
Is colon cancer common?
2nd only to lung cancer in sitespecific mortality rates and accounts for almost 15% of cancerrelated deaths in the United States
What is the interior of the kidney divided into at the gross level?
- outer cortical layer
2. inner medullary layer
What does each medullary pyramid have at its apex?
renal papilla
What happens in the renal papilla?
collecting ducts of the nephron deliver urine to minor and major calices
What forms the renal pelvis?
several major calices coalesce
Where does the renal pelvis exit?
at its hilum and forms the ureter
What does the ureter do?
conveys urine to the urinary bladder
What can kidney stones (renal stone, nephrolithaisis) cause?
- form in the kidney and enter the urinary collecting system
- where they may cause renal colic (loin to groin pain)
- obstruction of the flow of urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
Where are the 3 most common sites of obstruction?
- ureteropelvic junction at the hilum of the kidney, where the ureter crosses the common iliac vessels
- pelvic brim
- ureterovesical junction as the ureter passes through the bladder’s detrusor smooth muscle wall
Which organs are suspended in the peritoneal cavity by mesenteries?
- stomach
- Small intestine (jejunum and ileum portions)
- transverse colon
- sigmoid colon
- other portions of the gastrointestinal tract are secondarily retroperitoneal
What is the abdominal cavity and what is in it fluid wise?
- a potential space
- containing only a small amount of serous lubricating fluid
- that allows the viscera to glide easily over one another during gastrointestinal peristalsis
What is ascites?
abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in this potential space
When can ascites happen?
occur for a variety of reasons
What can happen in liver cirrhosis?
sinusoidal hypertension (portal hypertension) can contribute up to 10-20 L/day of weeping hepatic lymph that may collect in the peritoneal cavity and greatly distend the abdomen
