Abdomen

Question 1

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen

Answer 1

Right Upper quadrant
Left Upper quadrant
Left lower quadrant
Right lower quadrant

Question 2

What lines divide the quadrants?

Answer 2

Horizontal = Translumbical plane 
Vertical = median plane

Question 3

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen

Answer 3

Right hypochondriac 
Left hypocondriac 
epigastric
right lumbar
left lumbar
umbilical
right iliac 
left iliac 
hypogastric

Question 4

What is the vertical muscles of the Anterolateral abdominal wall?

Answer 4

Rectus abdominis

Question 5

What is the origin insertion and action and Nerve supply of External Oblique MM.?

Answer 5

O: Ext surf. ribs 5-12
I: Linea alba, pubic tubercle, ant. illiac crest
N: Thoracoabdominal N. (inf. 6 Tx nn) + subcostal N.
A: Flex, Rot trunk. Support viscera
Fibres: front pocket

Question 6

What is the origin insertion and action and Nerve supply of internal Oblique mm?

Answer 6

O: Thoracolumbar fascia, ant. 2/3 iliac crest, lat. 1/2 inguinal ligament
I: Inferior borders of ribs 10-12, linea alba, pectineal line via conjoint tendon
N: Thoracoabdominal N. (inf. 6 Tx nn) + 1st. lumbar N.
A: Flex. Rot. trunk, compression + support abd. viscera.
Fibres: hands back pocket

Question 7

What is the origin insertion and action and Nerve supply of Transverse abdominal?

Answer 7

O: Inf. surf. costal cartilages 7-12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, lateral 1/3 of inguinal ligament.
I: Linea alba with aponeurosis of internal oblique, pubic crest & pectineal line via conjoint tendon
N: Thoracoabdominal N. (inf. 6 Tx nn) + 1st. lumbar N.
A: compression + support abd. viscera.
Fibres: horizontal

Question 8

What is the linea Alba?

Answer 8

Line where all the flat muscles interlace.

Question 9

What is the rectus sheath?

Answer 9

Abdominal space. Sheet like aponeurosis made from the flat abdominal muscles.

Question 10

What is the origin insertion and action and Nerve supply of Rectus Abdominis?

Answer 10

O: Pubic symphysis & pubic crest
I: Xiphoid process & costal cartilages 5-7
N: Thoracoabdominal nn (ventral rami of inf. 6 thoracic nn)
A: Flexes trunk; Compression & support of abdominal viscera

Question 11

What is the inguinal canal?

Answer 11

Anatomical passageway 4cm.

location: runs oblique inferiomedial direction across anterolateral abdominal wall.

Question 12

What is the deep inguinal ring?

Answer 12

lateral end of the inguinal canal opening in tranversalis fascia.

Question 13

What is the superficial inguinal ring?

Answer 13

Medial end opening of the inguinal canal opening in external oblique aponeurosis.

Question 14

What are the walls of the inguinal canal

Answer 14

Anterior: aponeurosis of external oblique mm
Posterior: transverse fascia, conjoint tendon of internal oblique + transverse abdominal mm.
Floor inguinal ligament.
Roof: fibres of internal oblique + transverse abdominis mm.

Question 15

What is the contents of the inguinal canal

Answer 15

Male: sperm cord
female: round lig. of uterus + Nerves, vessels + lymphs.

Question 16

What is the Parietal peritoneum?

Answer 16

Large serous membrane of the body, lines the internal surface of the abdominal and pelvic walls. sensitive to pain temperature, pressure touch.

Question 17

What is the visceral peritoneum?

Answer 17

large serous membrane that covers abdominal viscera. sensitive to stretch and tearing

Question 18

What is the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 18

Space between parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum. Usually empty but may contain peritoneal fluid.

Question 19

What is the structure and function of peritoneal fluid?

Answer 19

Allows viscera to move without friction.
Pale yellow colour
contains leukocytes.

Question 20

What is the difference between intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal organs?

Answer 20

Intra: Organs completely covered with visceral peritoneum
Extra: are external or posterior to the parietal peritoneum.

Question 21

What lines divide the 9 regions of the abdomen?

Answer 21

Superior horizontal: subcostal plane
inf. horizontal: transtubercular plane
Vertical: Midclavicular plane

Question 22

What are the 4 parts of the peritoneum?

Answer 22

Mesenteries
Omentan lesser
Omenta greater
Peritoneal lig

Question 23

What is mesentery and its function?

Answer 23

Double layer of peritoneum, continuous with the parietal & visceral peritoneum. connects the organs to the posterior abdominal wall

Question 24

What is the lesser omentum?

Answer 24

two-layers form of peritoneum. connect stomach to the liver

Question 25

What are the main abdominal arterial supply?

Answer 25

Celiac trunk Supra mesenteric artery Inferior Mesenteric artery

Question 26

Describe the Inferior vena cava?

Answer 26

Largest vein in the body | begins L5.

Question 27

What is the nerve supply to the skin and muscle fo the abdomen?

Answer 27

- Thoracoabdominal nn (T7-T11) - Subcostal nn (T12) - Iliohypogastric nn (L1) - Ilioinguinal nn (L1)

Question 28

What are the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves?

Answer 28

``` Greater splanchnic (T5 - T9/10) Lesser splanchnic (T9 - T10/11) Least splanchnic (T12) Lumbar splanchnic nn (L1 ```

Question 29

What does PNS vagus N supply?

Answer 29

``` All the digestive viscera liver stomach spleen ascending and half of the transverse colon small intestine ```

Question 30

What does PNS pelvic splanchnic (S2-S4) N supply?

Answer 30

supply abdominal viscera not supplied by Vagus and pelvic viscera. descending colon

Question 31

What does the germ layer endoderm deviate?

Answer 31

epithelial lining of digestive & urinary tract, parenchyma of liver & pancreas

Question 32

What does the germ layer Splanchnic mesoderm deviate?

Answer 32

digestive tract, spleen adrenal cord

Question 33

What does the germ layer ntermediate mesoderm deviate?

Answer 33

kidneys, urogenital tract gonads

Question 34

What does the germ layer ectoderm deviate?

Answer 34

adrenal medulla, epithelium of mouth, anus, nasal cavity

Question 35

What are the organs located in the Right hypochondriac region?

Answer 35

Gallbladder Liver Right kidney Small Intestine

Question 36

What are the organs located in the Left hypochondriac region?

Answer 36

Colon Left kidney Pancreas Spleen

Question 37

What are the organs located in the epigastric Region region?

Answer 37

``` Adrenal glands Duodenum Liver Pancreas Spleel Stomach ```

Question 38

What are the organs located in the Right lumbar region?

Answer 38

Gallbladder Liver Right colon

Question 39

What are the organs located in the left lumbar region?

Answer 39

Descending colon | Left kidney

Question 40

What are the organs located in the umbilical Region region?

Answer 40

Duodenum | Umbilicus

Question 41

What are the organs located in the Right illiac region?

Answer 41

Cecum | Appendix

Question 42

What are the organs located in the left illiac region?

Answer 42

Descending colon | Sigmoid colon

Question 43

What are the organs located in the pubic Region region?

Answer 43

Sigmoid colon | Urinary bladder

Question 44

What are the organs that are retroperitoneal?

Answer 44

``` SAD PUCKER S = Suprarenal (adrenal) glands A = Aorta/Inferior Vena Cava D = Duodenum (second and third segments) P = Pancreas U = Ureters C = Colon (ascending and descending only) K = Kidneys E = Esophagus R = Rectum ```

Question 45

What is the difference between the abdominoplastic N and the pelvic splanchnic N?

Answer 45

abdominoplasty N - sympathetic | pelvic splanchnic N - parasympathetic