Abdomen Part 3

Question 1

should you be able to see the adrenal glands normally on a radiograph?

Answer 1

NO, you may only see them if there is mineralization, neoplasia, or enlargement

Question 2

what is going on here bruh??

Answer 2

there is a mineralized adrenal mass. on the VD the mass is seen just left to the spine, and on the lateral, you can see a crescent shape opacity adjacent to the left kidney.

Question 3

can you normally see the pancreas on a radiograph?

Answer 3

no!

Question 4

point out the pancreas on this radiograph

Answer 4

Question 5

what are some reasons why you would examine the kidneys radiographically?

Answer 5

• incontinence
• hematuria, polyruia, oliguria
• urolithiasis
• urethral obstruction
• abnormal on palpation
• test for renal function

Question 6

behold the normal kidneys. which is which?

Answer 6

left kidney more caudal, right kidney more cranial

Question 7

what are 4 reasons you could have a big kidney with normal shape and margination?

Answer 7

• compensatory hypertrophy
• round cell neoplasia
• hydronephrosis
• amyloidosis

Question 8

what are 4 reasons you could have a large kidney with an irregular shape and margin?

Answer 8

• neoplasia
• hematoma/trauma
• cyst
• abscess

Question 9

what are two reasons you would have a small kidney with an irregular shape and margin?

Answer 9

• end stage renal disease
• dysplasia

Question 10

what are 4 reasons for a kidney that is normal size, but with irregular shape and margin?

Answer 10

• infarction
• abscess
• chronic pyelonephritis
• polycystic renal disease

Question 11

what is going on here?

Answer 11

enlarged kidney, renal carcinoma

Question 12

what is going on here?

Answer 12

there is one tiny kidney and one huge kidney: compensatory hypertrophy

Question 13

what is going on here?

Answer 13

the kidneys, both, are enlarged. this is lymphoma

Question 14

what is going on here?

Answer 14

one of the kidneys appears large and absnormally shaped, very circular, and there are small white opacities which are probably stones. this is hydronephrosis secondary to obstructive uropathy

Question 15

when doing an excretory urogram, when should you examine each part of the urinary tract?

Answer 15

nephrogram-2mins
pyelogram-20mins
cystogram-40mins

Question 16

what are 4 things you should do to preapre for an excretory urogram?

Answer 16

• correct any hydration deficits
• enemas (no poo poo in the way)
• fasting
• maintaining the IV catheter in case renal function declines due to the contrast medium (this is rare but can happen)

Question 17

what are some contraindications for an excretory urogram?

Answer 17

azotemia and dehydration

Question 18

you are doing an excretory urogram and you see this when you take rads at 40 minutes. what does this tell you?

Answer 18

the contrast medium is leaking into the retroperitoneal space, there is a ruptured ureter!

Question 19

you are doing an excretory urogram and you see this. what does this tell you?

Answer 19

it looks like the medium is going from the ureters and skipping the bladder. this is ectopic ureters

Question 20

why would you do a cystorgaphy with POSITIVE contrast medium?

Answer 20

• to check for bladder rupture
• to confirm the bladder’s location
• to see if there is a space occupying luminal mass

Question 21

when would you do a cystography with negative contrast medium?

Answer 21

• to check for ectopic ureters
• honestly, this is rarely used

Question 22

are all urinary crystals visible on radiographs?

Answer 22

NO! some are not radiopague!

Question 23

does a normal radiographic bladder rule out a bladder mass or bladder stones?

Answer 23

NOOOOOOOO

Question 24

how many views do you need to assess the urethra?

Answer 24

multiple, NOT JUST ONE!

Question 25

can you normally see the prostate?

Answer 25

in castrated dogs no

Question 26

find the prostate and find the bladder :)

Answer 26

if I need to check, I have them both circled on slide 145

Question 27

what are 4 general causes of an enlarged uterus?

Answer 27

- pyometra - mucometra - hydrometra - early pregnancy

Question 28

what are some radiographical signs of pyometra?

Answer 28

- tubular soft tissue opacities along the caudal lateral body walls on VD - tubular soft tissue opacity between the colon and the bladder on lateral view (not always seen!) - displacement of the small intestines cranially - loss of serosal detail in the caudal abdomen

Question 29

what is going on here?

Answer 29

you can see tubular soft tissue opacities along the caudal lateral body wall and loss of serosal detail caudally, this is pyometra

Question 30

what is this?

Answer 30

pyometra apparently...I struggle seeing it

Question 31

at what post breeding day is there mineralization of fetuses in the dog and in the cat?

Answer 31

cat: 38 days post breeding dog: 42 days post breeding

Question 32

in the dog, uterine enlargement/pregnancy is detectable radiographically at approx ______ after ovulation

Answer 32

30 days

Question 33

in the dog, the uterus becomes involuted and can be rechecked at_____

Answer 33

38-45 days

Question 34

the gestational sacs are identifiable in the dog in the uterus _______

Answer 34

30 -40 days after ovulation

Question 35

in the cat, uterine enlargement/pregnancy is identifiable on radiographs at ______

Answer 35

25-30 days of gestation

Question 36

in general, the earliest time for an ultrasound assessment for pregnancy is

Answer 36

25-30 days of gestation, with heartbeats more likely to be heard closer to 30 days

Question 37

in general, the fetal heart rate should be _____ times that of the bitch or queen

Answer 37

1.5-2

Question 38

what are some radiographic signs of fetal death?

Answer 38

- small misshapen skull - fetuses are smaller than the others - straightening of the spine - emphysema and gas within the vasculature

Question 39

are radiographs useful for identifying dystocia?

Answer 39

- not good for determining maternal factors BUT can be useful for fetal factors like: positioning relative to the pelvic canal

Question 40

if you take a radiograph of a dog having difficulty giving birth, and there is NO fetus lodged in the pelvic canal, what should you consider?

Answer 40

uterine inertia: Failure of the uterus to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth