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Anatomy > Abdomen wk 2 > Flashcards

Abdomen wk 2 Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

what is the deffinition and function of the eosophagus

A

muscular tube

designed for propulsion of food

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2
Q

position shape and size of oesophagus

A

25-30cm in an adult male

slightly less in female

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3
Q

parts of oesophagus and boundaries

A

cervical part:

  • lower border of cricoid cartilage (C6)
  • descends in front of C6 and C7 to thoracic inlet
  • first one-fifth

Thoracic part

  • T1 to T10
  • longest and continues within the abdomen through the oesophageal opening into the diaphragm

Abdominal part

  • shortes
  • 1/6 the total length
  • ends at cardiac orifice of the stomach
  • at level of T11
  • 2.5cm from median plane
  • behind 7th left costal cartilage
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4
Q

course and relations of the esophagus and vertebral bodies

A
  • median at its commencement opposite C6
  • deviates slightly to the left up to C7
  • returns to media plane at T5
  • inclines to left and forward at T7
  • enters abdomen sharply deiates to left at T10
  • joins stomach at T11
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5
Q

blood vessels and lymphatics of the esophagus of cervical part

A

-blood suppy by the inferior thyroid arteries and veins

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6
Q

bloods of the thoracic part of the eosophagus

A

thoracic part:
arteries:
-eosophageal branches from the descending thoracic aorta
-and bronchial arteries

vein:

  • azygos
  • hemiazygos
  • Accessory Hemiazygos
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7
Q

bloods of abdominal part of oesophagus

A

Arteries:
-Left gastric of coeliac trunk and left inferior phrenic

Veins

  • Azygos vein
  • :Left gastric vein
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8
Q

Oesophageal Lymph Nodes

A

Cervical part:
-Deep Cervical Nodes

Thoracic:
-Posterior Mediastinal Nodes

Abdomen:
-Left Gastric Nodes

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9
Q

Nerve supply of eosophagus

A

Cervical:
-Recurrent Laryngeal and Cervical Sympathetic Trunk by the plexus around inferior thyroid arteries from middle cervical ganglia.

Thoracic:

  • Vagal Trunk and Oesophageal Plexus above and below the root of the lung.
  • Sympathetic Trunk, Greater Splanchnic.

Abdominal:

  • Vagal Trunks anterior and posterior
  • Thoracic Sympathetic Trunk, Greater and Lesser Splanchnic, and plexus around Left Gastric and Inferior Phrenic Arteries.
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10
Q

Sites of Constriction of eosophagus

A

-At origin, 5cm from incisors.
- Narrowest point and partly due to inferior constrictor muscle
-Aortic Arch (22.5cm from incisors)
-Left Main Bronchus (27.5cm from incisor)
Oesophageal opening in Diaphragm (37-40cm from incisors)

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11
Q

Importance of Constrictions

A
  • Endoscopy

- Lodgement of foreign objects

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12
Q

Stomach Definition

A

-Most dilated part of GIT between Oesophagus and Small Intestine

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13
Q

Stomach Location

A

-Epigastric, Umbilical, and Left Hypochondriac Region. Depending on the contents and the surrounding viscera, can distend down to Hypogastric Region.

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14
Q

Shape of Stomach

A
  • J-shaped but modified by changes in contents (empty or full) and surrounding organs.
    • High and transverse in obese; short and elongated in asthenic, position of body and phase of respiration.
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15
Q

Size of Stomach

A
  • Mean capacity varies with age
    • 30ml at birth
    • 1000ml at puberty
    • 1500ml in adults
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16
Q

Name and briefly describe the parts of the Stomach

A
  • Cardia: Surrounds opening of oesophagus into stomach.
  • Fundus: Area above level of cardial orifice.
  • Body: Largest region.
  • Pyloric: Distal end of stomach, divided into Pyloric Antrum and Pyloric Canal.
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17
Q

Describe Lesser Curvature of Stomach

A
  • Cardia to pyloric orifice
  • Lesser omentum attached and contains left and right gastric arteries.
  • Incisura Angularis (Angular notch), used to demarcate body from pyloric antrum and canal.
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18
Q

Describe Greater Curvature of Stomach

A
  • 4-5 times longer.
  • Highest point of fundus and left 5th intercostal space, just below the pylorus (pyloric antrum and canal).
    • Covered by peritoneum and gives attachment to Gastrosplenic Ligament and Greater Omentum.
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19
Q

Surfaces of the Stomach

Study These Flashcards
A

Anterior:

  • Diaphragm, upper part and left part is related to the spleen.
  • Right half to Quadrate lobe of Liver and anterior abdominal wall.

Posterior (Stomach Bed):

  • Diaphragm
  • Left Supra Renal Gland
  • Left Kidney
  • Splenic Artery
  • Pancreas
  • Left Coelic Flexure (Splenic Flexure)
  • Transverse Mesocolon inferiorly.

Superior:

-Left dome of the diaphragm.

20
Q

Relations of Stomach

21
Q

Interior Surface of Stomach

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Gastric folds (Rugae)
    • Diminish with distension of the stomach.
  • Oesophageal openings and sphincter (physiological sphincter) at T11 vertebra.
  • Pyloric opening and sphincter (anatomical).
  • Pyloric opening at L1.
    • Indentified by Pre-Pyloric Vein of Mayo which runs vertically across its anterior surface.
22
Q

Arterial Supply of Stomach

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Left Gastric Artery from Coeliac Trunk.
  • Right Gastric Artery from Hepatic Artery Proper.
  • Right Gastro-Omental Artery from Gastroduodenal Artery .of Common Hepatic Artery.
  • Left Gastro-Omental Artery from Splenic Artery.
  • Short Gastric Artery from Splenic Artery.
23
Q

Venous Drainage of Stomach

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Short Gastric and Left Gastro-omental to Splenic Vein.
  • Right Gastro Epiploic (Epiploic = Omental) Vein to Superior Mesenteric Vein.
  • Left and Right Gastric, directly into Portal Vein.
24
Q

Nerve Supply of Stomach

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Right (Posterior) and Left (Anterior) Vagal Trunks for Parasympathetic.
    - Secretomotor to glands .
    - Motor to muscles.
  • Sympathetic from Coeliac Plexus(T6 - T9 Segments of Spinal Cord) pass via Greater Splanchnic and then Gastric and Gastro-omental.
    - Vasomotor to blood vessels and pain fibres to muscles.
    - Motor to pylorus for sphinteric constrictions.
25
Lymph Drainage of Stomach
Revise
26
Description of Duodenum
- Shortest and widest and most fixed part of small intestine. - Extends from pylorus to duodenal-jejunal flexure. - Length of 25cm
27
Shape of Duodenum
-Horse-shoe shaped with convexity to right side and concavity enclosing head of pancreas.
28
Location of Duodenum
-Epigastric and umbilical regions.
29
Parts of Duodenum
- Superior - Descending - Horizontal - Ascending
30
Relations of Duodenum (Learn Table pg 21)
Superior Part: - Anterior and Superior: Quadrate lobe and Gall Bladder. - Posterior: Common Bile Duct, Portal Vein, and Gastroduodenal Artery. - Inferior: Head of Pancreas. Descending Part: - Anterior (Superior - Inferior): Right Lobe of Liver, Transverse Colon and Root of Transverse Mesocolon and Jejunum. - Posterior: Right Kidney and structures at its Hilum , Inferior Vena Cava, and Psoas Major muscle. - Medial (Left): Head of Pancreas and Common Bile Duct. - Lateral (Right): Right Colic Flexure, Common Bile Duct (major and minor pancreatic ducts open into this part). Horizontal: - Anterior: Superior Mesenteric Artery and Vein, and Intestine (Large Intestine). - Posterior: Right Ureter, Right Psoas Major muscle, Right Testicular/ Ovarian vessels, Inferior Vena Cava, Aorta, and Right Crus of Diaphragm. - Superior: Head of Pancreas. - Inferior: Coils of Jejunum. Ascending: - Posterior: Left Psoas Muscle, Left Sympathetic Trunk, Left Renal, and Left Testicular Vessels, Inferior Mesenteric Vein. - Left Side: Left Kidney and Ureter. - Medial: Pancreas. - Superior: Body of Pancreas. -
31
Arterial Supply of Duodenum
- Superior Pancreaticoduodenal Artery (Branch of Gastroduodenal Artery). - Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal artery (Branch of Superior Mesenteric Artery).
32
Venous Drainage of Duodenum
-Pancreaticododenal Veins drain into Portal Vein.
33
Recesses of Duodenum
- Superior - Inferior - Paraduodenal - Retroduodenal - Duodenal-jejunal (mesocolic) - Mesentericoparietal (of Waldeyer)
34
Flexure of Duodenum
Duodenojejunal Flexure: - Suspended by the suspensory ligament of the duodenum (of Treitz) - Around coeliac artery and right crus of diaphragm to flexure and ascending part.
35
Applied anatomy of Duodenum
- Oesophageal Ulcer - Posterior Gastric Ulcer or Cancer may erode pancreas and structures in stomach bed. - Referred pain to the back. - Peptic Ulcer (Ulcer in Pyloric Canal). - Ulceration into Splenic Artery leads to severe haemorrhage. - Duodenal Ulcer
36
Definition and Function of the Liver
-Largest and heaviest gland. Functions: - Secretes biles - Synthesises proteins - Metabolism of both nitrogenous and carbohydrates absorbed from intestine and carried to liver by the portal vein. - Destruction of red blood corpuscles and toxins.
37
Position, Shape and Size of Liver
Location: -Right Hypochondrium, Epigastrium, and may extend into Left Hypochondrium. Size: - Relatively larger in foetus and new born (haemopoetic functions) than in adults. - Palpable below costal margin. Weight: - 1.4-1.8 kg in males - 1.2-1.4 kg in females Shape: -Wedge-shaped or roughly triangular Texture: -Soft, solid, friable, easily lacerated and highly vascular. Colour: -Dark Reddish-Brown.
38
Surfaces of Liver
Anterior - Diaphragm separates it from the 6-10 costal cartilages on the right; 7-8 costal cartilages on left. - Falciform ligament. Superior: - Dome of diaphragm separates it from lung on right and heart on the left. - Bare area. - Inferior Vena Cava. Posterior: -Against Vertebral column; collectively the diaphragmatic surface.
39
Lobes and features of Liver
Lobes: - Right - Left - Quadrate (Functionally part of Left lobe) - Caudate (Functionally part of Right + Left lobe) Features: - Porta Hepatis and its contents - Gall Bladder - Inferior Vena Cava Ligaments: - Falciform - Ligamentum Teres/Round Ligament (Remnant of umbilical vein) - Coronary - Right and Left Triangular
40
Relations/Impressions of the Liver
- Stomach - Pylorus - Duodenum - Colon - Hepatic Flexure - Right Kidney - Right Suprarenal Gland - Gall Bladder - Inferior Vena Cava
41
Arterial Supply of Liver
-Dual blood supply: - Left and Right Hepatic Artery: Oxygenated Blood (20%) - Portal Vein: Nutrient rich blood from gut (80%)
42
Venous Drainage of Liver
-Left and Right Hepatic veins: Carries deoxygenated blood
43
Nerve supply of Liver
- Hepatic Flexure from Coeliac Plexus accompanies the Hepatic arteries and its branches. - Both sympathetic and parasympathetic supply of liver.
44
Lymphatic drainage of Liver
- Major protein rich lymph producing organ. - Superficial vessels in the sub-serosa areolar tissue drain via hepatic, coeliac ad para-aortic group of lymph nodes to thoracic duct. - Deep vessels end in nodes around inferior vena cava.
45
Applied anatomy of Liver
- Great vascularity of liver cause considerable haemorrhaging in wounds of liver. - Liver is prone to perforation from fractures of surrounding ribs. - Liver is a good site of secondary carcinomas from any other body sites.

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