Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Med Yr2 > Abdominal > Flashcards

Abdominal Flashcards

1
Q

Refeeding syndrome definition:

A
  • Potentially fatal shift in fluids and electrolytes from rapid artificial feeding in malnourished patients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does refeeding syndrome work?: (3)
- I S
T U
M R

A
  • Increased insulin secretion drive K+, Mg2+ into cells, reducing them intravascularly
  • Increases thiamine utilisation
  • Increases metabolic rate which increases strains on CVS and resp.system.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Prevention of refeeding syndrome:

A
  • Monitoring of the patients K, Ca, PO4, Mg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Short bowel syndrome:

A
  • A condition where the body is unable to absorb enough nutrients from food due to lack of small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Consequences of short bowel syndrome: (5)
L D
G D
B O
N D
K D

A
  • Liver disease
  • Gallbladder disease
  • Bacterial overgrowth (small intestine)
  • Nutrient deficiencies
  • Kidney disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN):

A
  • A method of feeding that bypasses the GI tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When is TPN useful?
How is TPN delivered?

A
  • When all or part of a persons GI tract doesn’t work
  • Into a vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Urea cycle defect:

A
  • Leads to hyperammonaemia
  • Must restrict diet (protein)
  • Supplementation required to stop muscle atrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Medium chain aceyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD):

A
  • Defect in fatty acid oxidation
  • Can lead to hypoglycaemia, potentially fatal to babies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Clinical features of Acute (fulminant) liver disease:
N
D
J
B E
A
H E
V
S

A
  • Nausea
  • Diarrhoea
  • Jaundice
  • Bleeding easily
  • Ascites (fluid in belly)
  • Hepatic encephalopathy
  • Varices
  • Splenomegaly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Chronic liver disease clinical features: (3)

A
  • Similar symptoms to acute
  • liver cirrhosis
  • Portal hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chronic liver disease and portal hypertension:
Effects (3)

A
  • Ascites
  • Oesophageal varices
  • Splenomegaly -> thrombocytopenia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stigmata of chronic liver disease: (2)

A
  • Spider nevi
  • Palmar erythema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Common causes of liver disease:
A
F
H
P B C
P S C

A
  • Alcoholism
  • Fat
  • Hepatitis A/B/autoimmune
  • Primary biliary cholangitis
  • Primary sclerosing cholangitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How to test for liver dysfunction: (3)

A
  1. Serum fibrosis score
  2. Fibrosis markers or fibroscan
  3. Liver biopsy (best but invasive)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Paracetamol overdose:
- why?
- Treatment

A
  • Narrow therapeutic window, >10g can cause toxicity
  • N-acetylcysteine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Rotavirus epidemiology:
- Global prevalence
- Peak incidence group
- Uncommon in ……
- Seasonal peak

A
  • Most common cause of diarrhoea world wide
  • 6-24months
  • Uncommon in >5 year olds
  • Winter peak
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Norovirus epidemiology:
- Most common cause where?
- Peak incidence group
- Seasonal peak

A
  • Most common cause in the UK & US
  • 6-18 months
  • Winter peak
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rotavirus pathophysiology:
- Replicates in….
- Activation of …..

A
  • Replicates in enterocytes, causing damage but little inflammation
  • Activation of enteric nervous system may contribute to pathogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Rotavirus clinical features:
(wide spectrum) (4)

A

▪ severe diarrhoea
▪ Vomiting in 90% children
▪ Fever
▪ Can be Asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rotavirus & norovirus transmission:

A
  • Breathe in aerosolised vomit/faeces and swallow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Rotavirus diagnosis:
S E M
S E I
M D

A

▪ Stool electron microscopy
▪ Stool enzyme immunoassays
- Molecular diagnosis (PCR of faeces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Norovirus pathophysiology:

A

▪ No enterotoxins
▪ Enterocytes infected
▪ Histo blood group antigens (HBGA) may function as a receptor for norovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Norovirus clinical features:
V
D
H
M
A C

A
  • Vomiting in children
  • Diarrhoea in adults
  • Headaches
  • Myalgia
  • Abdo cramps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hepatitis A: pathophysiology

A
  • Immune mediated T lymphocyte destruction of hepatocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hepatitis A transmission:

A
  • Faecal-oral (contaminated food and water)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hepatitis A: clinical features
F
L of A
F
J
H
A
V

A
  • Flu like
  • Loss of appetite
  • Fever
  • Jaundice
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Anorexia
  • Vomiting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hep A diagnosis:
- Biochem features (3)
- Onset

A
  • LFTs, Clotting, U&Es
  • HEP A IS ACUTE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

HEP E: pathophysiology

A
  • Single stranded RNA, no envelope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hep E transmission:

A
  • Faecal-oral, association with pork
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Hep E: clinical features
- Similar to ….
- Difference
- Duration

A
  • Similar to Hep A but more severe
  • Higher mortality
  • Acute in immunocompetent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Diagnosis of Hep E:

A
  • Clinical features not enough, lab tests required
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Hep B: pathophysiology (2)

A
  • Immune response causes hepatocellular damage
  • HBV DNA persists in the host cell as cccDNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Hep B transmission: (3)

A
  • Sexual
  • mother to child
  • Needle sharing, blood products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Hep B clinical features: acute

A
  • Acute: all children and 50% of adults are asymptomatic, if symptomatic, similar to Hep A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hep B clinical features: chronic

A
  • Low prognosis, likely to cause cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Hepatitis C pathophysiology:

A
  • Enters liver cells and reproduces, simultaneously causing cell death
  • Via chronic inflammation, immune mediated cytotoxicity, high cell turnover
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Hep C transmission: (2)

A
  • Percutaneous (NEEDLE INJURIES)
  • Permucosal (sexual)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hep C clinical features: acute

A
  • all children and 50% adults asymptomatic, if symptomatic, features
    similar to Hep A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Hep C clinical features: chronic

A
  • low prognosis, likely to cause cirrhosis and hepatocellular
    carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Hep C diagnosis: (2)

A
  • Picked up by screening risk groups, contacts or as part of liver disease work up
  • Antibody or RNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Hep B & C as chronic illnesses:

A
  • Hep C is much more likely to be chronic, poor prognosis for both cases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Causes of diarrhoea: common
I
G
M
D
C

A
  • Irritable bowel syndrome
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Medication
  • Diet
  • Coeliac disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Uncommon causes of diarrhoea:
M
I B D
D D
B O

A

o Malignancy
o Inflammatory Bowel Disease
o Diverticular disease
o Bowel Obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome:

A

– functional GI disorder categorized by a large group of
symptoms including abdominal pain and changes in bowel movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Coeliac disease:

A
  • autoimmune disorder, primarily affecting the small intestine, where individuals develop intolerance to gluten
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease:

A
  • group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Diverticular disease:

A
  • the condition of having diverticula (multiple pouches) in the colon that are not inflamed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Causes of obstipation (no flatus or faeces): (2)

A
  • Small/large bowel obstruction
  • Paralytic illeus (peristalsis is paralyzed)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Large bowel function: (3)

A
  • Absorb salt and water
  • Absorb short chain fatty acids
  • Store/expel faeces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Recto-sphicteric reflex:

A
  • Faeces in the rectum stimulates mass movement
  • Relaxation of IAS and contraction of EAS,
  • If inappropriate to defaecate, IAS contracts and rectal contents return to colon by
    retroperistalsis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Pancreatic cancer symptoms:
D
B P
A P
N/V
N D
C

A

▪ Diarrhoea
▪ Back Pain
▪ Abdo pain
▪ Nausea/vomiting
▪ Constipation
▪ New-onset diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Steatorrhea:

A
  • Pale bulk stools difficult to flush due to increased fat content
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Causes of steatorrhea:
- If it affects the …. , ……… production/transport or causes …….
P E D
B D
C D
C
C F

A

If it affects the pancreas, bile salt production/transport or causes malabsorption

  • Pancreatic exocrine deficiency
  • Blockage of bile ducts
  • Coeliac disease (malabsorption)
  • Chron’s (malabsorption)
  • Cystic fibrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Referred pain:

A

– Pain felt in a part of the body that is not the source (does not radiate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Colicky pain:

A
  • Pain characterised by either intermittent nature or variable/cyclic intensity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Peritonic pain:

A
  • Abdominal pain felt due to inflammation of the peritoneum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Biliary colic: definiton

A
  • Where a colic (pain) suddenly occurs due to gallstones temporarily blocking the cystic duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Biliary colic: pathophysiology

A
  • Distension and contraction of the gall bladder against an obstructed cystic duct due to stones made of cholesterol
60
Q

biliary colic: pain profile
- Location
- Type
- Onset
- Duration
- Radiation

A
  • Pain in the RUQ
  • Colicky
  • Often occurs after meals
  • 0.5 - 4hrs, can recur every few hrs
  • Shoulder or breastbone
61
Q

Biliary colic: investigation

A
  • Ultrasound
62
Q

Pancreatitis: pathophysiology

A
  • Inflammation of the pancreas
63
Q

Pancreatitis pain profile:
- Location
- Description
- Radiation
- Onset
- Duration

A
  • LUQ
  • Severe, dull
  • To the back
  • Fairly sudden, with gradual deterioration
  • Constant
64
Q

Pancreatitis symptoms: (4)

A
  • Pain in LUQ
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Steatorrhea/diarrhoea
  • Weight loss
65
Q

Pancreatitis investigations:

A
    • amylase vs lipase
  • Bloods for grading
  • USS (gallstones)
  • CT
66
Q

Cholecystitis: pathophysiology

A
  • Inflammation of the gall bladder
67
Q

Cholecystitis: pain profile
- location
- Type
- Duration
- Exasberating

A
  • RUQ/epigastric
  • colicky
  • constant (lasts hrs to days)
  • Worse with moving including deep breaths
68
Q

Cholecystitis: investigations

A
  • CT scan
69
Q

Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD): pathophysiology

A
  • Stomach contents and acid rise up into the oesophagus
70
Q

GORD symptoms: (4)

A
  • Acidic taste in month
  • Heartburn
  • Regurgitation
  • Pain with swallowing
71
Q

GORD investigation:

A
  • Abdo Xray
72
Q

Progression of pain in developing appendicitis: pathophysiology

A
  • Inflammation of the appendix
73
Q

Progression of pain in developing appendicitis: symptoms (4)

A
  • RLQ pain
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Fever
  • Palpable on inspection
74
Q

Progression of pain in developing appendicitis: investigation (3)

A
  • Imaging (rule in vs rule out)
  • Scoring systems & novel biomarkers
  • McBurney’s point
75
Q

Renal colic: pathophysiiology

A
  • Obstruction of ureter from dislodged kidney stone
76
Q

Pyelonephritis: pathophysiology

A
  • Inflammation of the kidney
77
Q

Renal colic: symptoms
- Location
- Characteristics
- Radiation

A
  • L and R iliac pain
  • Severe pain
  • Below ribs or groin
78
Q

Pyelonephritis: symptoms
L & R
F
W L
M
H

A
  • L and R iliac pain
  • Fever
  • Weight loss
  • Malaise
  • Haematuria
79
Q

Renal colic and pyelonephritis investigations: (3)

A
  • Urinalysis
  • Renal function
  • CTKUB
80
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): pathophysiology

A
  • Functional GI tract disorder characterised by a group of symptoms accompanied together including abdominal pain and changes in the consistency of bowel movements
81
Q

IBS symptoms:
A
C
T
B

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Constipation/frequent diarrhoea
  • Tenesmus (phantom shit)
  • Bloating
82
Q

IBS: investigations
S
B T
A U
E
B

A
  • Stool microscopy
  • blood tests
  • Abdo ultrasound
  • Endoscopy
  • Biopsy
83
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): pathophysiology (2)

A
  • group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine
  • Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis being the principle types
84
Q

Crohn’s disease:

A

Type of IBD that may affect any segment of the GI

85
Q

Ulcerative colitis:

A
  • Type of IBD that leads to inflammation and ulceration of the colon and rectum
86
Q

IBD symptoms:
A P
D
R B
S I C / M S
W (CD)
T (UC)

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Diarrhoea (varies between crohn’s and UC)
  • Rectal bleeding
  • Severe intestinal cramps/muscle spasms
  • Weight loss (CD)
  • Tenesmus (UC)
87
Q

IBD: investigations (3)

A
  • Biopsy
  • Colonoscopy
  • LFT’s (Crohn’s)
88
Q

diverticulitis pathophysiology:

A
  • Presence of diverticula in the colon
89
Q

Diverticulitis: symptoms
P
F
N
D
C
B

A

o Pain in LQ, sudden onset
o fever
o nausea
o diarrhoea
o constipation
o blood in stool

90
Q

Diverticulitis: investigations (3)

A
  • Inflammation markers
  • Early CT
  • Laparoscopy
91
Q

Mesenteric Ischaemia: Acute symptoms (4)

A

▪ Abrupt, severe, abdominal pain
▪ Urgent, need to have a bowel movement
▪ Fever
▪ Nausea and vomiting

92
Q

Mesenteric ischaemia: chronic symptoms (3)

A

▪ Abdominal pain that starts 30 minutes after eating ▪ Pain worsens over the hour
▪ Pain goes away with 1 to 3 hours

93
Q

bowel perforation symptoms; (5)
E P
N/V/H
F
A
pain difference

A

▪ Epigastric pain worsened by movement
▪ Nausea/vomiting/hematemesis
▪ Fever
▪ Abdomen rigid/rebound tenderness
▪ Pain sudden in small Intestine, gradual in large intestine

94
Q

Small bowel obstruction:
- General symptom (C)
- ……… varies depending on ……
- First 24 hrs?
- Extra symptom

A

▪ Crampy central pain, every few minutes
▪ Distention varies depending on site of SBO
▪ May still be opening bowels in first 24hrs
▪ Vomiting often prominent

95
Q

Large bowel obstruction:
- Duration compared to SBO
- Distension variation
- main symptom

A

▪ Periodicity of pain longer
▪ Distension varies due to competence of ileocaecal valve
▪ Constipation more common early, including flatus

96
Q

Bowel obstruction: investigation

A
  • CT
97
Q

Bowel obstruction: progression (2)

A
  • Mesenteric ischaemia
  • Perforation
98
Q

UGI bleeds: varices

A
  • significantly dilated sub-mucosal veins in GI tract (most commonly in the oesophagus
    and stomach)
99
Q

UGI bleeds: varices causes

A

rising pressure in portal venous system due liver cirrhosis

100
Q

UGI bleeds: Mallory-weis tear

A
  • Small laceration on the oesophagus
101
Q

UGI bleeds: Mallory-weis tear causes

A
  • Several episodes of severe, forceful vomiting
102
Q

UGI bleeds: peptic ulcer

A

– breach of the skin, epithelium, or mucous membrane with disintegration and necrosis of epithelial tissue, and often pus

103
Q

Peptic ulcer causes: (4)
H
N
S
D

A
  • Helicobacter pylori
  • NSAIDS
  • Stress
  • Diet (alcohol)
104
Q

UGI bleeds: Oesophago-gastric malignancy symptoms
(5)

A
  • Dysphagia (problem swallowing)
  • Heart burn
  • Nausea
  • Weight loss
  • Later increase in vomit
105
Q

LGI bleeds: diverticular disease

A
  • Presence of diverticula on mucosa and submucosa through the muscular layer of the colonic wall
106
Q

LGI bleeds: Inflammatory bowel disease: (3)

A
  • Often associated with diarrhoea with blood mixed in
  • May lead to anaemia due to prolonged low level blood loss
  • Malabsorption
107
Q

LGI bleeds: large bowel malignancy
- Most common type
- Character of blood loss

A
  • most commonly colonic or rectal adenocarcinoma (tumour arising from glandular tissue)
  • Usually, slow loss leading to anaemia
108
Q

LGI bleeds: Haemorrhoids

A
  • vascular structures in the anal canal. In their normal state, they are cushions that help with stool control. They become a disease when swollen or inflamed.
109
Q

LGI bleeds: anal fissures

A

– small tear or ulcer in the mucosa of the anus

110
Q

What is a microbiome?:

A
  • The collective genomes of the micro-organisms in a collective environment
111
Q

The gut requires bacteria that are ….. (4):

A
  • Gram-positive
  • Gram-negative
  • Anaerobic
  • Fungi
112
Q

How to identify bacteria in blood cultures: Gram positive
- How
- Examples

A
  • Gram positive cocci in chains
  • Enterococci, streptococci
113
Q

How to identify bacteria in blood cultures: gram negative
- Aerobic
- ANaerobic

A
  • Gram-negative rods
  • e.coli, klebsiella, enterobactar
  • Bacteroides, fusarium
114
Q

GI infections and antibiotic treatment:

A
  • All conditions result in translocation of gut commensal bacteria into sterile spaces
  • Antibiotics need to be able to work on the wide array of different microbes
115
Q

Infectious diarrhoea: texture signs

A
  • Watery with blood: large bowel pathology
  • Fatty/foul smelling
116
Q

Infectious diarrhoea: timing signs

A
  • Acute: bacterial or viral
  • Chronic: parasitic/non-infectious
117
Q

Infectious diarrhoea: general signs (4)

A
  • Fever
  • Dehydration
  • Hypotension
  • Signs of shock
118
Q

Infectious diarrhoea investigation: bloods (5)

A
  • FBC
  • U&Es
  • LFT’s
  • Clotting
  • Blood cultures
119
Q

Infectious diarrhoea investigations: Imaging

A
  • X-ray/USS/CT
  • Exclusion of surgical cases
120
Q

Infectious diarrhoea investigations: stool samples (4)

A
  • Microscopy
  • Culture
  • Toxin detection
  • Molecular test (PCR)
121
Q

Salmonella species:
- Description
- Transmission

A
  • Gram-negative, flagellated, bacilli belonging to the enterobacteriaceae
  • Faecal-oral
122
Q

Enteric fever: caused by

A
  • Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi or paratyphi (A,B,C)
123
Q

Enteric fever: symptoms
F
B
H
R
C
A

A
  • Fever
  • Bradycardia
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • Rose spots
  • CNS involvement
  • Abdominal symptoms
124
Q

Enteric fever: diagnosis (2)

A
  • Culture: Blood, stool, bone marrow
  • Serology
125
Q

Ectopic pregnancy pathophysiology:

A
  • A pregnancy in which the fetus develops outside the uterus, typicallu in a fallopian tube
126
Q

Ectopic pregnancy: symptoms (4)
V
P
T
A

A
  • Vaginal bleeding
  • Pelvic pain
  • Tender cervix/adnexal tenderness
  • An adrenal masss
127
Q

Sings/investigations of Ectopic pregnancy: (2)

A
  • Increased hCG
  • Urine hCG test
128
Q

Other gynaecological causes of abdominal pain:
M
E
O
M
L
P

A
  • Menstrual pain
  • Endometriosis
  • Ovarian cyst
  • Miscarriage
  • Ligament pain, labour, placental problems
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease
129
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease: pathophysiology

A
  • Infection of the upper part of the female reproductive tract
130
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease: symptoms
A
P P
D P
M
D
P D

A
  • Often asymptomatic
  • Pelvic pain
  • Deep dyspareunia
  • Malaise
  • Dysuria
  • Purulent discharge
131
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): pathological

A
  • Complication of diabetes where body produces too much blood acids ketones
132
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): symptoms
N
P
P
A
H

A
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia
  • Abdominal pain
  • hyperventilation
133
Q

DKA investigation:

A
  • Urine analysis for ketones
134
Q

UTI - sites (3)

A
  • Urethra (urethritis) think STI’s
  • Bladder (cystitis) - Lower UTI’s
  • Kidney (pyelonephritis) - Upper UTI’s
135
Q

UTI symptoms: (3)

A
  • Dysuria
  • Frequent urination
  • Pubic bone and lower back pain
136
Q

Psychological causes of abdominal pain: (3)

A
  • “butterflies in my stomach”
  • Chronic daily pains
  • Abdominal migraines
137
Q

Endocrine causes of abdominal pain:
- Main symptom
- Secondary
- Prevalence

A
  • Mesenteric adenitis
  • May be proceeded by flu like illness
  • Children>adults
  • Diffuse abdo pain > RIF pain
138
Q

Oesophageal cancer: symptoms
P D
A
H
A

A
  • Progressive dysphagia
  • Coughing
  • Aspiration
  • Hoarseness
  • Anaemia
139
Q

Oesophageal cancer: investigations
- RULE 1

A
  • Rule 1: dysphagia = urgent OGD (gastroscopy/endoscopy)
140
Q

Gastric cancer symptoms:
E P
D
E M
V N
D

A
  • Epigastric pain
  • Dysphagia
  • Epigastric mass
  • Virchow’s node/lymphadenopathy
  • Dermatomyositis
141
Q

Gastric cancer: Rule 2

A
  • Gastric ulcer = gastric cancer until proven otherwise
142
Q

Gastric cancer investigations: (2)

A
  • OGD
  • Staging with CT, PET-CT, laparoscopy
143
Q

Pancreatic cancer: symptoms
- E P
- J
- A M
- C S
- T M
- S V T

A
  • Epigastric pain
  • Jaundice
  • Abdominal mass
  • Courvoisier’s sign
  • Thrombophlenitis migrans (infl. of veins causes clots)
  • Splenic vein thrombosis
144
Q

Pancreatic cancer: RULE 3

A
  • (Courvoisier): painless jaundice + palpable gallbladder = cancer
145
Q

Liver cancer: symptoms
A
A M
R P
A
J
H

A
  • Anorexia/weight loss
  • Abdominal mass
  • RUQ pain
  • Ascites
  • Jaundice
  • Hepatomegaly
146
Q

Liver cancer: Rule 4

A
  • Most common are metastases

Med Yr2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions