Abdominal Cavity Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
parietal peritoneum
A
Lines the abdominal wall
2
Q
Visceral peritoneum
A
Covers the suspended organs
3
Q
Mesenteries
A
thin sheets of tissue suspending the organs from the posterior abdomen wall
4
Q
Intraperitoneal structures
A
structures like the GI tract are suspended from the abdominal wall be mesenteries
- stomach
- liver
- spleen
- jejunum
- ileum
- appendix
- transverse colon
- sigmoid colon
- tail of pancreas
- first part of duodenum
5
Q
Retroperitoneal Structures
A
structures are not suspended from the abdominal wall and those that lie between the parietal peritoneum and abdominal wall.
Aorta
Kidneys
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ureters
Ascending and descending colon
6
Q
Secondary Retroperitoneal
A
organs are those that once were suspended by mesenteries but had migrated posteriorly to the peritoneum during embryogenesis.
Second to fourth parts of the duodenum
Pancreas
Ascending and descending colon
Portions of the large intestine and duodenum
Kidneys
Adrenal glad
Ureters
7
Q
Peritonitis
A
inflammation of the peritoneum
8
Q
Ascites
A
Collection of fluid in the spaces of the abdomen
9
Q
Perforated bowel
A
when a hole forms in the wall of the small intestine or colon, and allows the contents to leak into the abdominal cavity
10
Q
Peritoneal dialysis
A
treatment for kidney failure that uses the lining of the peritoneum to filter waste products from the blood
11
Q
stomach
A
Chemical and mechanical digestion
lies in the upper left quadrantand extends into the epigastric region.
12
Q
Liver
A
is in the right upper quadrant and extends into the epigastric region.Responsible for the filtering of toxins and production of bile
13
Q
Gallbladder
A
is generally located on the visceral surface of the liver, right upper quadrant.
concentrates and stores bile
14
Q
Pancreas
A
is situated posteriorly in the abdomen, largely behind the stomach.
produces enzymes for digestion
15
Q
Small Intestine
A
occupies the central and lower parts of the abdominal cavity
aids in digestion
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
16
Q
Large Intestine
A
frames the small intestine, occupying the periphery of the abdominal cavity.
aids in digestion
ascending, transverse, and descending colons +
cecum and sigmoid colon
17
Q
Kidneys
A
are in a retroperitoneal position in the posterior abdominal region.
regulates:
acid-base,
water,
electrolytes,
blood pressure,
hormones,
vitamin d
18
Q
Major Blood vessels
A
Abdominal aorta: descends through the posterior abdominal region, giving off anterior branches like the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery, which supply the gastrointestinal tract.
19
Q
Lateral branches
A
the renal arteries and the suprarenal arteries.
20
Q
What does the aorta bifurcate into
A
common iliac arteries,
21
Q
Portal Vein
A
is formed by veins draining the gastrointestinal tract and carries blood to the liver.
22
Q
Greater omentum
A
Significant peritoneal fold
Large, apron-like fold that drapes down the from the stomach and covers the intestines
Helps maintain inflammation and sometimes is part of the immune response
23
Q
Lesser Omentum
A
Another peritoneal fold extends between the stomach and the liver.
24
Q
Mesentary
A
The gut tube is suspended by mesenteries
Peritoneal reflections that suspend organs within the abdominal cavity.
Provide pathways for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels to reach the organ.
25
Transverse Mesocolon
Connects the transverse colon to the posterior wall of the abdomen.
Carry its neurovascular supply
26
Sigmoid Colon
Las section of the large intestine
27
Peritoneal Ligaments
Connects organs to each other or to the abdominal wall
Peritoneal reflections form mesenteries
Reflections can also form ligaments
I.e splenic ligaments, and related vasculature
Sometimes contain vessels.
28
Abdominal Aorta
Major blood supply to the abdomen
descends through the posterior abdominal region. It lies posterior within the abdomen.
29
Celiac Trunk
arises immediately inferior to the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm and supplies the foregut organs, including the abdominal esophagus, stomach, and the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen via its branches.
30
superior mesenteric artery
arises immediately inferior to the celiac trunk and supplies the midgut organs, including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, caecum and appendix, and the ascending colon and transverse colon.
31
Inferior mesenteric artery
arises inferior to the renal arteries and supplies the hindgut organs, including the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and the rectum and anal canal.
32
Major Lateral Branches
The middle suprarenal arteries supply the suprarenal glands.
The renal arteries supply the kidneys.
The testicular or ovarian arteries descend to supply the testes or ovaries.
The inferior phrenic arteries supply the diaphragm.
33
Posterior Branches
Include the lumbar arteries and the median sacral artery.
34
Terminal Branches
The abdominal aorta bifurcates at the level of vertebra LIV into the common iliac arteries.
35
Inferior Vena Cava
collects deoxygenated blood from the lower body.
ascends through the posterior abdominal region to the right of the aorta.
36
Renal veins
drain kidneys
37
lumbar veins and hepatic veins
drain the liver
38
Hepatic portal vein
Supplies blood from the pancreas, gallbladder, and spleen to the liver.
is formed by the confluence of veins draining the abdominal portion of the gastrointestinal tract, including the superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein, and splenic vein.
39
Superior mesenteric vein
Drains blood from areas supplied by the superior mesenteric artery (small intestine, ascending colon, transverse colon).
40
Inferior mesenteric vein
Drains blood from areas supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery (descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum).
41
Splenic Vein
Drains blood from the spleen, stomach, and pancreas.
42
Portal vein
is a large vein formed by the union of several veins draining the abdominal viscera.
43
What does the superior mesenteric vein drain?
drains blood from the areas supplied by the superior mesenteric artery. This includes the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), the caecum and appendix, and the ascending colon and transverse colon.
The superior mesenteric vein ascends and lies to the right of the superior mesenteric artery. It passes posterior to the neck of the pancreas where it typically joins the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein.
44
what does the inferior mesenteric vein drain?
The inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) drains blood from the areas supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery. This includes the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum and upper part of the anal canal.
The inferior mesenteric vein typically ascends along the left side of the inferior mesenteric artery. It usually drains into the splenic vein, but it can also sometimes drain into the superior mesenteric vein.
45
Vagus Nerve
provides parasympathetic fibres to the abdominal organs.
These fibres are distributed to the foregut and midgut portions of the gastrointestinal tract.
46
foregut organs
supplied by the vagus nerve include the abdominal oesophagus, stomach, duodenum (proximal part), liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
47
midgut organs
receiving vagal innervation include the distal part of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, appendix, and ascending colon as well as the transverse colon (proximal two-thirds).
48
The vagal fibres reach the abdominal organs via the?
prevertebral plexus.
49
hindgut organs
Distal third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal
50
Cardia
The area where the esophagus connects to the stomach
51
Fundus
The top, rounded part of the stomach, above the level of the cardia.
52
Body
main, central part of the stomach
53
Antrum
lower portion of the stomach
54
Lower esophageal sphincter
prevents acid reflux by controlling the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach
55
Pyloric sphincter
regulates the passage of digested food from the stomach to small intestine
56
Duodenum
First section of the small intestine, 25-38cm, connects the stomach to the jejunum and begins the absorption of nutrients
57
Jejunum
Second section of the small intestines. Its lining is specialized for the absorption of nutrients and connects to the ileum.
58
Ileum
:Final and longest segment of the small intestines, 2-4 meters, primarily responsible for the absorption of vitamin B12 and the reabsorption of bile salts. Connects to the large intestine at the ileocecal valve.
59
Cecum
pouch-like structure in the lower right abdomen. Consider the beginning of the large intestine.Recieves undigested food material from the small intestine.
absorbs fluids and salts
mixes contents with fluid
60
Appendix
finger-like blind-edned tube connected to the cecum
61
Ascending Colon
: absorbs water and key nutrients from indigestible material, helping to solidify waste into stool. Ascends from the cecum on the right side.
62
Transverse colon
runs horizontally across the abdomen about 50cm long connecting the ascending and descending colon on the right and left side respectively. Most mobile segments.
63
Descending Colon
stores food remains before they pass through the sigmoid colon and the rectum. 25 cm in length. Sits between the transverse colon and sigmoid colon and is secondarily retroperitoneal.
64
Sigmoid colon
part of the large intestine closest to the rectum and anus, forms a loop that averages 35-40cm. Holds the feces.
65
Rectum
Final section of the large intestine that connects to the sigmoid colon to the anus and serves as a temporary storage site for feces before expulsion. Located in the pelvic cavity.
66
Celiac Trunk main 3 branches
the left gastric, common hepatic, and splenic arteries. It is also a major artery that supplies blood to the foregut of the gastrointestinal tract:
Stomach
Spleen
Liver
Gallbladder
pancreas
67
Superior mesenteric artery
: a major artery that arises from the abdominal aorta just below the celiac trunk and supplies blood to the midgut
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Proximal ⅔ of the transverse colon
68
Epithelial cells
Epithelial cells are primarily involved in lining and protecting the body surface
69
Muscle cells
specialized for contraction and movement
70
Greater omentum
is the largest peritoneal fold in the human body. It is an apron- like structure that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and proximal duodenum, descending over the transverse and small intestine. Consists of a double layer of peritoneum that contains fat, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.
71
The stomach is divided into
Cardia: The area where the esophagus connects to the stomach
Fundus: The top, rounded part of the stomach, above the level of the cardia.
Body: main, central part of the stomach
Antrum: lower portion of the stomach
72
Duodenal ulceration
a type of peptic ulcer that occurs in the lining of the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.
73
Meckel's diverticulum
congenital anomaly of the GI tract, characterized by an abnormal pouch in the wall of the small intestine, typically located near the junction of the small and large intestines.
74
Diverticulitis
inflammation or infection of small pouches called diverticula that can form along the intestine
75
Appendicitis
the appendix becomes clogged and infected
75
Digestion in the mouth
Mechanical digestion
Begins with mastication, which physically fragments the food.
Tongue mixes good with saliva
Varys from animal to animal
Chemical digestion
Salivary glands secrete amylase
Amylase hydrolyzes bonds between glucose monomers in carbs so begin stach to maltose.
76
Digestion in the Esophagus
Mechanical digestion
Food swallowed moves through pharynx into esophagus
Peristalsis propels bolus towards stomach
Gravity helps
Esophageal sphincter near stomach allows food to past through
77
Digestion in the Stomach
Mechanical digestion
Muscular walls that undergo contractions that mix the food with digestive juices and further fragment it.
Not coordinated as peristalsis movements.
Peristaltic waves in the lower region of stomach push chyme against pyloric sphincter which controls the rate at which the chyme enters the small intestine
Chemical digestion
Gastric pits in the stomach walls contain secretory cells
Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Low pH of stomach
Denatures proteins, kills microorganisms
Converts pepsinogen into pepsin.
Chief cells secrete pepsinogen
Pepsin digests proteins into smaller peptides
Autocatalysis when newly pepsin activates pepsinogen
Mucus-secreting cells
Protective coating of mucus for the stomach walls against acid and enzymes.
78
Digestion in the Small intestine
Chemical digestion
Secretion from pancreas and liver
Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice
Pancreatic amylase (starch to maltose)
Lipase (fats into fatty acids and glycerol)
Bile from liver helps emulsify fats into micelles to increase lipase action (surface area)
Nucleases (nucleic acids to nucleotides)
Proteases (inactive forms, to prevent self-digestion of pancreas)
Trypsinogen → trypsin by enterokinase enzyme in duodenum
Trypsin activates chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase which break down proteins into peptides and peptides into amino acids.
Bicarbonate-rich solution, to neutralize the acidic chyme
Small intestinal lining
Peptidases (protein → amino acids)
Carbohydrases (disaccharides → monosaccharides)
Some lipase too.
79
Digestion in the large intestine
Mechanical digestion
Movement through ileocaecal sphincter
Segmentation movements.
Peristaltic activity
Chemical digestion
Home to gut microbiota
Ferment remaining carbs and produce
VITAMIN K
BIOTIN
For herbivores the gut microbiota digests cellulose.
Humans the large intestine mainly absorbs water and ions.
80
Function of the Liver
- produces and secretes Bile
- processes nutrients from the digestive tract
81
Function of the Gallbladder
- Store and concentrate bile
-Bile flows from liver through hepatic duct and into gallbladder through cystic duct
-CCK is released when fats enter the duodenum (hormone)
-CCK stimulates gallbladder walls to contract rhythmically, letting bile out through the cystic duct, into the common bile duct and released into the duodenum
82
Function of the Pancreas (exocrine)
secretes digestive enzymes, water and bicarbonate to assist in digestion
83
How carbohydrates are digested
The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth with salivary amylase, which hydrolyses bonds between glucose monomers in starch, breaking it down into maltose.
This process continues in the small intestine with pancreatic amylase, secreted by the pancreas, which further breaks down starch and glycogen into smaller oligosaccharides and maltose].
Enzymes in the lining of the small intestine, known as carbohydrases (such as maltase, lactase, and sucrase), then break down disaccharides into absorbable monosaccharides like glucose, galactose, and fructose.
84
digestion of proteins
Protein digestion begins in the stomach where hydrochloric acid (HCl), secreted by parietal cells, denatures proteins, making them more accessible to enzymatic breakdown.
Pepsin, an enzyme activated from pepsinogen (secreted by chief cells in the stomach), starts the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides. This conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin is enhanced by the low pH and is an example of autocatalysis, where pepsin itself activates more pepsinogen.
The majority of protein digestion occurs in the small intestine. The pancreas secretes inactive proteases (zymogens) such as trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase.
Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin by enterokinase, an enzyme secreted by cells lining the duodenum. Trypsin then activates other pancreatic zymogens into their active forms: chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase.
These active proteases, along with peptidases (like aminopeptidase and dipeptidase) produced by the lining of the small intestine, further break down peptides into absorbable amino acids. Aminopeptidase acts on peptides to produce shorter peptides and amino acids, and dipeptidase breaks down dipeptides into amino acids.
85
Digestions of fats (lipids)
Fat digestion primarily occurs in the small intestine.
The liver produces bile, which is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. When fats enter the duodenum, cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the gallbladder to release bile, which emulsifies the fats into smaller droplets called micelles. This increases the surface area available for enzymatic digestion. Bile is synthesised from cholesterol and includes phospholipids and bilirubin.
The pancreas secretes lipases into the small intestine, which hydrolyse the fats in the micelles, breaking down triglycerides (the main type of dietary fat) into fatty acids and glycerol (or monoglycerides and fatty acids). These products of fat digestion then enter the intestinal epithelial cells by diffusion, are resynthesized into triglycerides, and packaged into chylomicrons with cholesterol and phospholipids. Chylomicrons then enter the lymphatic system.
86
Large Bowel obstruction
is a condition where there is a blockage in the large intestine (colon).
87
Diverticulus Disease
is characterised by the presence of small outpouchings, known as diverticula, in the wall of the large intestine, particularly in the distal parts like the descending and sigmoid colon.
88
Ostomies
involve surgically bringing parts of the bowel to the anterior abdominal wall to manage various medical conditions. These procedures are vital for patient care and can be lifesaving.
89
Gastronomy
A tube is inserted through the skin into the stomach, used for feeding when oral intake is impossible, often in cases like head and neck cancer. This can be done surgically or with a direct puncture.
90
jejunostomy
The jejunum is brought to the abdominal wall, providing a site for a feeding tube to be placed into the small intestine.
91
ileostomy
Small bowel contents are diverted from the distal bowel, commonly to protect a surgical anastomosis in the colon during healing.
92
Colostomy
This is done to protect the distal large bowel after surgery, treat large bowel obstructions, or decompress the bowel in emergency situations. It is a temporary, low-risk procedure that prevents severe complications.
93
End Colostomy
Performed after the resection of the rectum and anus, often due to cancer.
94
Ileal conduit
After bladder removal, a small segment of the bowel is used to create a conduit for urine, which flows from the kidneys into the ureters and through the bowel to the abdominal wall.
95
Enzymes produced by the Pancreas
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Amylase
lipase
96
Pancreatic duct
is a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct and runs the length of the pancreas, it is formed by the union of several interlobular ducts, the pancreatic duct supplies the pancreas with pancreatic juice from the exocrine pancreas that aids in digestion.
97
Pancreas - Head
wider part that sits in the curve of the duodenum
98
Uncinate process - pancreas
a projection arising from the lower part of the head and extending medially to lie beneath the body of the pancreas
99
neck - pancreas
located between the head and body
100
Body pancreas
middle part of the pancreas that extends upwards
101
Tail - pancreas
thinnest part of the pancreas, located near your spleen
102
Lobes of the liver
Right lobe: larger, occupies most of the right side
Left Lobe: smaller lobe on the left side
Caudate Lobe: small lobe near the inferior vena cava
Quadrate Lobe: located below the left lobe, near the gal
103
Right lobe - Liver
larger, occupies most of the right side
104
Left lobe - liver
smaller lobe on the left side
105
Caudate lobe - liver
Caudate Lobe: small lobe near the inferior vena cava
106
quadrate lobe - liver
located below the left lobe, near the gallbladder
107
Blood supply of the liver
Hepatic artery - 30%
Portal vein - 70%
108
bile ducts in the liver
Intrahepatic bile duct: tiny branching bile ducts that collect bile as the liver make it. The ducts connect to form larger branches called the right and left hepatic ducts that join outside of the liver to form the common hepatic duct.
109
Metabolism and the liver
Synthesizes molecules that are utilized elsewhere in the body to support homeostasis
Converts molecules to different types
Regulates energy balances
110
Detoxification
Three step process to neutralize toxins that come from various sources
111
Phase 1 detoxification
toxins are activated and oxidized to make them more manageable for further processing.
112
Phase 2 detoxification
conjugates the broken-down toxins with other molecules.
113
Phase 3 Detoxification
eliminates the toxins aanf metabolic products from cells, transports water soluble metabolites from phase 2 for elimination, excretion of metabolites through urine or bile, (adequite hydration is crucial) packages waste products into bile, stores in the gallbladder and releases into the intestines upon fat consumption where it eventually exits the body through the stool.
114
Gallbladder structure
Divided into the fundus, body, and neck.
The fundus protrudes out from the bottom of the liver
115
Gallbladder Function
stores and releases bile
116
Bile Duct system structure
Long tubelike structure that carries bile
Fundus(superior), body(middle), neck(inferior)
117
Bile duct system function
deliver bile from the liver to the duodenum
118
Pancreatic Cancer
cancer that begins in the pancreas
119
Liver segmentation
a way of dividing the liver into eight segments based on the anatomy of the blood vessels and bile ducts. Each one can function independently
120
Gallstones
hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in your gallbladder
121
Jaundice
condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes
