Abdominal Pain pt 2 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
s/s of viral gastroenteritis
A
- rapid onset of diarrhea (>3x/d or 200 g of stool/d) lasting <2 wks
- stool is watery, without blood or mucus
- N/V/Abd pain (nonbilious/nonbloody)
- fever - MC in children
- dehydration - dry mucosal membranes, reduced skin turgor; in infants - lack of tear production, sunken eyes, sunken fontanelle
- abd exam - benign; hyperactive BS may be noted; (+/-) mild diffuse tenderness
2
Q
w/u for viral gastroenteritits
A
- POC glucose - if lethargic or unresponsive
- BMP + Mg - to assess electrolytes and renal function if significant dehydration
- Stool studies are not needed (if performed will be negative)
3
Q
mgmt mild-moderate viral gastroenteritis
A
rehydration
-
oral fluid challenge: NPO x 15 min, followed by slow 30 ml fluids, repeat oral rest x 15 min, repeat with 30 ml of fluid intake
- goal 30-100 mL/kg over first 4 hr -
oral fluid: Pedialyte or Gatorade
- soft drinks and fruit juices with high sugar content should be avoided due to risk of osmotic diarrhea
4
Q
mgmt for moderate-severe viral gastroenteritis
A
IV NS or LR
- Adults - 500 -1000 mL bolus
- Children - 20 mL/kg
5
Q
indication for antiemetic for viral gastroenteritis
A
- only if pt fails oral fluid challenge but meets all other criteria to be DC
- ondansetron (Zofran) ODT - SE of worsening diarrhea when utilized in viral gastroenteritis
6
Q
indication for antidiarrheal in viral gastroenteritis
A
if diarrhea leads to dehydration
For adults only
-
antimotility - loperamide (Imodium) and diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil)
- avoid in pediatrics, IBD -
antisecretory - bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol, Kaopectate)
- avoid in pediatric (Reye Syndrome) and pregnancy (salicylate toxicity)
7
Q
general mgmt for viral gastroenteritis
A
- rehydration
- +/- antiemetic and antidiarrheal
- probiotics
- BRAT diet, avoiding lactose, raw fruit, caffeine, and sorbitol-containing products - avoid dairy x 1 wk
8
Q
admission criteria for viral gastroenteritis
A
- a toxic appearance
- severe dehydration - abnormal electrolytes/renal function
- persistent vomiting or diarrhea
- comorbid medical conditions - pregnancy, DM, immunocompromised
- very young or elderly
- sx lasting > 1wk
9
Q
viral gastroenteritis - Discharge home if the following criteria is met
A
- VS stable
- Normal abdominal exam
- Successful oral fluid challenge
10
Q
2 processes of bacterial gastroenteritis
A
- toxin-mediated (secretory) diarrhea
- invasive (inflammatory) diarrhea
11
Q
- large amount of watery diarrhea or bloody mucopurulent diarrhea (dysentery)
- abd cramping/tenderness
- +/- fever
dx?
complication?
A
- Bacterial gastroenteritis
- hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
12
Q
what is hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
A
- MC elderly and children < 10 y/o
- Assoc w/ enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC)
- Hx of exposure to undercooked beef, contaminated drinking water, unpasteurized dairy or fecal contamination of raw fruits and vegetables - hemolytic anemia, renal failure, and thrombocytopenia
13
Q
w/u for bacterial gastroenteritis
A
- (+) FOB
- BMP - hypokalemia, acute renal injury
- CBC - only if HUS is suspected
- +/- Stool studies
- Plain film / CT abdomen
14
Q
indications to order stool studies for bacterial gastroenteritis
A
- severely dehydrated or toxic patients
- (+) dysentery
- immunocompromised patients or prolonged diarrhea (>3 days)
15
Q
what pathogens must be specified for stool studies
A
Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter MC worldwide
16
Q
3 labs of stool studies
A
fecal leukocytes, fecal lactoferrin², stool cultures
17
Q
mgmt for bacterial gastroenteritis
A
- Fluids
- Replace glucose or K+ if indicated
-
Abx - adults only
- ciprofloxacin, azithromycin
- Not recommended in children until a bacterial pathogen is identified -
Antidiarrheal
- avoid antimotility agents (Imodium and Lomotil) - precipitate HUS in patients with underlying EHEC infections
- Bismuth subsalicylate may be used if needed- CI in children
18
Q
defining location that separates UGI bleed from LGI bleed
A
ligament of treitz
19
Q
s/s of GI bleed
A
- hematemesis
- melena
- hematochezia
- Associated s/s indicating hypovolemia/shock
20
Q
hematemesis is indicative of ?
A
- bleeding proximal to the ligament of Treitz (UGI)
- frank blood indicates moderate to severe bleeding
- coffee-ground-like emesis - mild (limited) bleeding
21
Q
melena is indicative of?
A
- black, tarry stools - results from hgb being altered by digestive enzymes and intestinal bacteria
- UGI bleed or a right sided colonic bleed
22
Q
hematochezia is indicative of?
A
- maroon or bright red blood or blood clots per rectum
-
can be seen with massive UGI bleeding
- factors that suggest UGI source are signs of anemia and hx of UGI bleed - MC LGI bleeding
23
Q
pertinent hx for GI bleed
A
- Type of bleeding: hematemesis, hematochezia, melena
- Associated sx: pain; dizziness, syncope, confusion, diaphoresis, palpitations
- Pertinent hx: trauma; FBs; recent aortic or GI surgery, colonoscopy or EGD
- H/o similar sx
- 60% with a h/o an UGI are bleeding from the same lesion - Meds: NSAIDs, anticoagulants, and antiplatelet agents
- Social: alc - risk of alcoholic gastritis, chronic liver disease
24
Q
what medications can simulate melena?
what food can simulate hematochezia?
A
- Iron or bismuth
- beets
25
hyperactive BS is indicative of what type of GI bleed?
**UGI bleed**
the presence of blood stimulates peristalsis
26
tenderness of abdomen with GI bleed is indicative of ?
inflammatory/infectious etiology or perforation
27
non-tender GI bleed is indicative of
a vascular etiology
28
ascites or hepatosplenomegaly with GI bleed, consider what condition?
consider coagulopathy due to **liver disease**
29
if LGI bleed is suspected, do what type of exam?
**rectal**
* assess for laceration, trauma, fissure, external hemorrhoids, masses
* Guaiac testing will confirm bleeding
30
if rectal exam is negative for blood and LGI bleed is suspected, do what exam next? (female)
Vaginal/urinary inspection
31
w/u for GI bleed
1. Type and crossmatch
1. CBC - monitored every 2-8 hours to assess severity of bleed
1. CMP
1. PT/INR
1. EKG’s and cardiac enzymes - if MI risk
1. NG tube - if suspected _UGI_
- **will *not* show bleeding _distal to pylorus_**
32
CBC findings for GI bleed
1. normocytic RBC = acute bleed
1. microcytic RBC = chronic bleed
2. initial hgb - will not reflect blood loss
- >24 hours - decreased hgb due to amount of volume resuscitation
33
an elevated BUN:Cr ≥30 indicates what type of GI bleed?
acute UGI bleed
34
GI bleed - endoscopy can not be performed until INR is?
< 2.5
35
NG tube GI bleed - if lavage is (+) for clots or bright red blood perform ?
**gentle gastric lavage** with room temperature water
36
mgmt for Hemodynamically stable GI bleed
consult GI/Surgery for admission and scheduled endoscopy
37
mgmt for Hemodynamically unstable GI bleed
* NPO
* Supplemental oxygen via NC
* Cardiac monitoring
* 2 large bore IV sites
* Fluids - IV NS/LR up to 2 L bolus
* +/- Blood transfusion - 1 U FFP for every 4 U PRBC - *no coag factors in PRBC*
38
indications for Blood transfusion in GI bleed
1. **failure of perfusion** and VS to respond to 2 L of NS/LR
1. hgb **< 7 grams/dL**
1. _older pts_ and those with _comorbidities who are unable to tolerate anemia transfuse_ at a hgb **< 9 grams/dL**
39
mgmt for GI bleed complicated by anticoagulation
INR > 2.0
1. Hold anticoagulant/antiplatelet
2. Reverse anticoagulation
- consult anticoagulant prescribing provider
- transfuse with FFP +/- reversal agent
3. Reverse of **Factor Xa inhibitor**
- **andexanet alfa** (Andexxa) - for rivaroxaban (Xarelto) or apixaban(Eliquis)
- **idarucizumab** (Praxbind) - for dabigatran (Pradaxa)
4. Reverse anticoagulation of **warfarin**
- **Vitamin K**
- _Prothrombin complex concentrate infusions (Kcentra)_ if reversal agent for anticoagulant isn’t available; replaces Vit K dependent coagulation factors (Factors II, VII, IX, X) + Proteins C and S
40
additional mgmt for UGI bleed
1. PPI - **pantoprazole** - bleeding from **PUD**
1. Somatostatin analog - **Octreotide** - **variceal bleeding**, can be used as an **adjunct in non-variceal bleeds**
1. Emergent consult to gastroenterology or general surgery for urgent **_endoscopy_**
41
disposition for UGI bleed
admitted to hospitalist with a consult to GI/general surgery
42
additional mgmt for LGI bleed
1. Consult gastroenterology/general surgery
1. Consider upper endoscopy to r/o severe UGI bleed
1. Discuss colonoscopy vs angiography - bowel prep if colonoscopy
43
LGI bleed - DC home if all of the following are met
1. hx of mild bleeding (from hemorrhoid or anal fissure)
1. without BRBPR on DRE
1. no melanotic stool
1. hemodynamically stable
1. no comorbidities
Rest will be admitted to hospitalist with a consult to GI/general surgery
44
Hx: GERD
s/s: odynophagia, gastroesophageal reflux, dysphagia
UGI ddx?
Esophageal ulcers
45
Hx: H. pylori infection, NSAIDs use, or smoking
s/s: associated abdominal pain
UGI ddx?
Peptic ulcer disease
46
hx: liver disease or alcohol abuse
s/s: jaundice, ascites
UGI ddx?
Varices or portal hypertensive gastropathy
47
Hx: forceful vomiting
s/s: vomiting, retching, or coughing prior to hematemesis
UGI ddx?
Mallory-Weiss Tear
48
Hx: smoking, alcohol abuse, or H. pylori infection
s/s: dysphagia, early satiety, involuntary weight loss, cachexia
UGI ddx?
Malignancy
49
Ulcer at the gastroenteric anastomosis
Hx: Roux en-Y gastric bypass
UGI ddx?
Marginal ulcers
50
Hx: abdominal aortic aneurysm or an aortic graft
UGI ddx?
Aorto-enteric fistula
51
Hx: renal disease, aortic stenosis, or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
UGI ddx?
Angiodysplasia
52
complications of UGI bleed
1. **perforation**: severe abd pain, with rebound tenderness or involuntary guarding
1. **anemia**: worse outcomes in CAD, pulm disease; _maintain a higher hgb in these pts to reduce sx of anemia_
1. **volume overload**: CHF, renal disease
1. **uncontrolled hemorrhage**: worse in pts with coagulopathies, thrombocytopenia, significant hepatic dysfunction; _transfuse FFP or platelets_
1. **aspiration**: high risk in dementia, hepatic encephalopathy; _consider intubating early in course_
53
painless bleeding
90% will resolve spontaneously
LGI bleed ddx?
Diverticulosis
54
abdominal pain/tenderness
diarrhea with blood or mucopurulent material
fever, weight loss, anemia
LGI bleed ddx?
Infectious or IBD
55
hx of malignancy tx with radiation therapy
LGI bleed ddx?
Radiation-induced
56
hx of straining on defecation or pregnancy
painless hematochezia
LGI bleed ddx?
Hemorrhoids
57
hx of trauma
LGI bleed ddx?
anal fissures
58
congenital defect
s/s occur during 1st year of life
associated abdominal pain resulting from ulcer formation in and around the diverticulum
LGI bleed ddx?
Meckel's Diverticulum
59
change is caliber of stool
change in bowel habits
weight loss
LGI bleed ddx?
CA
60
painless bleeding, mostly in older pts
LGI bleed ddx?
Angiodysplasia
61
pain out of proportion to exam
LGI bleed ddx?
Ischemic colitis/mesenteric ischemia
62
Hx: abdominal aortic aneurysm or an aortic graft
LGI bleed ddx?
Aorto-enteric fistula
63
Refer to gastroenterology with urgent referral if alarm sx are noted:
1. >50y w/ new-onset sx
2. unexplained wt loss
3. persistent vomiting
4. dysphagia or odynophagia
5. iron def anemia or GI bleeding
6. abd mass or LAD
7. Fhx of UGI bleed
64
Nephrolithiasis MC in who?
1. white
1. male
1. 20-50 y
65
s/s of nephrolithiasis
1. appears uncomfortable, unable to find position of comfort
1. **Sudden onset of fluctuating pain (_renal colic_)**
1. pain based upon location of stone
- Proximal ureter: flank
- Mid-ureter: lower quadrant of abdomen
- Distal ureter: groin
1. fever if complicated by infection
2. N/V
3. **hematuria** (85-90% pts)
4. tachycardia, increased in BP, and diaphoresis
5. urinary frequency, urgency and dysuria (stones as the UVJ)
6. CVA tenderness
66
patients older than 60 don’t usually present with their first kidney stone
consider what ddx?
AAA
r/o w/ beside US (if unstable) or CT (only if stable)
67
presence of abdominal tenderness and often lacks hematuria
Nephrolithiasis ddx?
Appendicitis/Diverticulitis
68
often associated with a fever
Nephrolithiasis ddx?
pyelonephritis
69
often associated with metabolic acidosis; lacks hematuria
Nephrolithiasis ddx?
Mesenteric ischemia
70
w/u for Nephrolithiasis
1. UA
- **pyuria and bacteriuria** = complicated pyelonephritis; C&S if evidence of infection is noted
1. Hcg - childbearing females
2. CBC
- mild leukocytosis may be seen in uncomplicated cases
- **WBC ≥ 15,000/µL** = pyelonephritis or systemic infection
1. BMP - assess current renal function
2. **Non-contrasted CT of abdomen/pelvis**
3. **Renal US** - if _CT is CI or h/o recurrent nephrolithiasis_
4. **KUB XR**: often used with US; 90% of stones are radiopaque
71
indications for non-contrast CT for Nephrolithiasis
1. first “renal colic” presentation, if dx is uncertain or if complicated by pyelonephritis
1. Can still detect aortic aneurysm (even w/o contrast)
1. Can detect stones >1 mm and hydronephrosis
72
what imaging modality is preferred in pregnancy, pediatrics and hx of recent CT evaluations for Nephrolithiasis
US
73
findings in US for Nephrolithiasis
* signs of hydronephrosis, ureteral dilation and occasionally an abnormal radiographic density (indicative of a stone)
* *Less sensitive < CT for detecting stone; better for **hydronephrosis/swelling***
74
renal Us is unreliable in stones ? mm in size
**< 5 mm** in size
75
mgmt for Nephrolithiasis
1. Analgesia - **ketorolac** (Toradol); Opiates
2. Antiemetics - **Zofran, phenergan, reglan**
3. **Hydration** - IV/PO fluids
4. α-blocker therapy - **tamsulosin** (Flomax) 0.4 mg daily
- increase expulsion rates of distal ureteral stones, decrease time to expulsion, and decrease need for analgesia during stone passage
76
when to Admit for Nephrolithiasis
1. Intractable pain or emesis
1. Coexisting pyelonephritis
1. Low probability of spontaneous stone passage - **≥6 mm** or anatomic abnormal
1. renal dysfunction - Elevated BUN or Cr., bilateral ureteral stones, oliguria or anuria
77
Disposition for nephrolithiasis pts who do not require hospitalization
1. Refer to a urologist within 24–48 hours
1. Drink 2–3 L of fluid per day
1. Strain urine for stone
78
An infection of the upper urinary tract (renal parenchymal and pelvicalyceal system)
Pyelonephritis
79
cystitis (dysuria, urgency, and frequency)
flank, abdominal, suprapubic pain
nausea, vomiting
+/- fever
CVA tenderness
dx?
w/u? findings?
1. **Pyelonephritis**
1. UA, Urine C&S, hCG
- (+) leukocyte esterase and nitrite
- leukocyte casts on microscopic
*found in UA*
80
If Pyelonephritis pts meets admission criteria add what additional labs?
1. **BMP** - look for signs of dehydration
1. **CBC** - leukocytosis with left shift often indicates urosepsis
1. **Blood cultures**
81
vaginal discharge/dyspareunia, purulent cervicitis on exam
Pyelonephritis ddx?
PID
82
tender prostate on exam
Pyelonephritis ddx?
prostatitis
83
(+) specialized PE testing (McBurney), CT can rule out if needed
Pyelonephritis ddx?
appendicitis
84
clinical presentation without abnormal urine
Pyelonephritis ddx?
diverticulitis
85
(+) hcg, US can rule out dx
Pyelonephritis ddx?
ectopic
86
general mgmt for Pyelonephritis
1. **IV fluids** if vomiting or signs of dehydration
1. **antipyretics** if febrile - tylenol or ibuprofen
1. **antiemetics** if N/V - zofran
1. **analgesia** for pain if needed - toradol or opiate
87
Outpatient empiric antibiotic options for Pyelonephritis
1. **Ciprofloxacin** or **levofloxacin**
1. Initial dose of **ceftriaxone**
- Alt: only if CI for FQ and no known resistance - **Bactrim**
88
Inpatient parenteral empiric antibiotic options for Pyelonephritis
1. Ciprofloxacin
1. Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefepime
1. Gentamicin +/- ampicillin
1. Piperacillin-tazobactam (Zosyn)
1. Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem
Choice depends on local resistance data
89
admission criteria for Pyelonephritis
1. Inability to maintain oral hydration or take medications
1. Concern about compliance or follow-up
1. Diagnostic uncertainty
1. Severe illness with high fevers, severe pain, and marked debility
1. Comorbid illness
1. Failure of outpatient therapy
1. Associated pregnancy or ureteral stone
DC home when admission criteria is not met: F/u in 1-2 days with PCP; Educate on increasing fluid intake to allow for frequent voiding
90
Acute or chronic inflammation of the liver cells
Hepatitis
91
causes of Hepatitis
1. infection (viral)
1. toxins (ETOH/**acetaminophen**)
1. medication side effects
1. autoimmune disorders
1. ischemia
92
1. Fever
1. RUQ pain and tenderness
1. Nausea and vomiting
1. Dark urine (bilirubinuria)
1. (+/-) jaundice and scleral icterus
1. Hepatomegaly
1. Liver failure - Ascites, AMS, abnormal bleeding
dx?
w/u?
mgmt?
1. **Acute Hepatitis**
1. CMP, PT/INR & albumin, LDH, acetaminophen level, toxicology screen, acute hepatitis panel
2. Supportive (fluids, pain, antiemetic); **mainstay: tx underlying cause**
93
AST: ALT greater than 2.5
what type of hepatitis
**alcoholic**
*AST: ALT < 1 = other causes of hepatocellular injury*
94
AST and ALT (>1000) = what types of hepatitis?
acetaminophen toxicity, acute viral hepatitis, acute liver failure from any cause
95
acute hepatitis - if elevated Alk phos, GTT and serum bilirubin, assess for what other dx?
cholestasis
96
acute hepatitis - PT/INR and albumin becomes prolonged within _____ hrs of liver dysfunction
24 hrs
97
Admission criteria for acute hepatitis
1. Elderly and pregnant women
1. Patients who do not respond adequately to supportive care
1. Bilirubin levels ≥20 mg/dL
1. Prothrombin time 50% above normal
1. (+) hypoglycemia or GI bleeding
1. Ascites causing respiratory compromise
Return to ER if: poor oral intake, worsening vomiting, jaundice or abdominal pain
98
mgmt for Unstable Dissecting/Rupture AAA
1. Imaging: **Bedside US**
1. **Immediate vascular surgery consult** if triad of **_abd/back pain, pulsatile abdominal mass, and HoTN_**
- Never delay consultation for imaging
1. **Goal SBP 80-90**
99
mgmt for Stable Dissecting/Rupture AAA
1. Imaging: **CT abd/pelvis w/ IV contrast or CT Aortogram**
1. _Rupture or impending rupture (rapidly changing dissection)_ - **immediate consult**
1. _Dissection w/o rupture_ - consult vascular and **schedule urgent repair** (< 24-72 h or ASAP by surgeon)
100
mgmt for Hypertensive patients with suspected expanding aneurysm
1. **esmolol** infusion
- **Goal SBP 120**
- **HR < 60**
2. Add **nitroprusside** if BP remains uncontrolled
