ABG

Question 1

pH <7.35

Answer 1

Acidosis

Question 2

pH >7.45

Answer 2

Alkalosis

Question 3

pH <7.35

CO2 High

Answer 3

Respiratory Acidosis

Question 4

pH <7.35

HCO3 Low

Answer 4

Metabolic Acidosis

Question 5

pH >7.45

CO2 Low

Answer 5

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 6

pH >7.45

HCO3 High

Answer 6

Metabolic Alkalosis

Question 7

Normal pH in ABG

Answer 7

7.35-7.45

Question 8

Normal PO2 in ABG

Answer 8

10-14 kPa

Question 9

Normal PCO2 in ABG

Answer 9

4.5-6.0 kPa

Question 10

Normal HCO3 in ABG

Answer 10

22-26 mEq/L

Question 11

Normal base excess

Answer 11

-2 to +2

Question 12

pH 7.25
PaCO2 49
HCO3 25

Answer 12

Respiratory acidosis

Question 13

Normal PaCO2 in ABG

Answer 13

35-45

Question 14

pH 7.47
PaCO2 25
HCO3 24

Answer 14

Respiratory Alkalosis

Question 15

pH 7.28
PaCO2 37
HCO3 18

Answer 15

Metabolic acidosis

Question 16

pH 7.67
PaCO2 39
HCO3 36

Answer 16

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 17

pH 7.49 
PO2 7.5 
PCO2 3.9 
HCO3 22 
Base Excess -1

Answer 17

Respiratory Alkalosis

There is a mild Alkalosis due to the patient blowing off CO2 with probably a high respiratory rate

THIS IS TYPE 1 RESPIRATORY FAILURE
It shows an acute problem with minimal compensation

Question 18

pH 7.36 
PO2 8.0
PCO2 7.6 
HCO3 31 
Base Excess +5

Answer 18

Compensated Respiratory Acidosis

pH normal because bicarb (HCO3) is high. PCO2 is high -> respiratory acidosis

Question 19

pH 7.25 
PO2 11.1 
PCO2 3.2 
HCO3 11 
Base Excess -15 
Potassium 4.5
Sodium 135
Chloride 100

Answer 19

Metabolic Acidosis

The pH is low, the CO2 is low and the bicarb is low.
There is no apparent compensation so this must be acute

Question 20

Name some causes of metabolic acidosis

Answer 20

Excess production of acids -> DKA, Lactic acidosis
Ingestion of acids -> Methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol
Inability to clear acids -> Renal failure
Loss of bicarb -> From GI tract or kidneys (renal tubular acidosis)

Question 21

pH 7.56 
PO2 10.7 
PCO2 5.0 
HCO3 31 
Base Excess +5

Answer 21

Metabolic Alkalosis

Question 22

Introduction

Answer 22

Introduce self
Confirm name, DOB
Check against hospital band and number 
Explain what is happening
Find the suitable arm
Explain you’ll need to do Allen test to check the arteries
Ask if they understand 
Ask for consent

Question 23

Explanation of blood test

Answer 23

It will be done in the wrist

Done on an artery rather than a vein to paint a more accurate picture of what is going on in the blood oxygen levels

Question 24

Finding a suitable arm

Answer 24

Ask for preference (which they write with)
Any problems with arm / surgery on side of chest, arm, underneath arm
Any swelling
Any AV fistula
Want arm with more rest

Question 25

Allen test

Answer 25

Done to check if there is any problems with the arteries in that arm Don’t want to do any damage hence doing this test