Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context

Question 1

This is a psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.

Answer 1

Psychological disorder

Question 2

This is a psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation.

Answer 2

Phobia

Question 3

This refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.

Answer 3

Psychological dysfunction

Question 4

This is the scientific study of psychological disorders.

Answer 4

Psychopathology

Question 5

They first earn an M.D. degree in medical school and then specialize in psychiatry during residency training that lasts 3 to 4 years. They also investigate the nature and causes of psychological disorders, often from a biological point of view; make diagnoses; and offer treatments. Many of them emphasize drugs or other biological treatments, although most use psychosocial treatments as well.

Answer 5

Psychiatrists

Question 6

They typically earn a master’s degree in social work as they develop expertise in collecting information relevant to the social and family situation of the individual with a psychological disorder. They also treat disorders, often concentrating on family problems associated with them.

Answer 6

Psychiatric social workers

Question 7

They have advanced degrees, such as a master’s or even a Ph.D., and specialize in the care and treatment of patients with psychological disorders, usually in hospitals as part of a treatment team.

Answer 7

Psychiatric nurses

Question 8

They typically spend 1 to 2 years earning a master’s degree and are employed to provide clinical services by hospitals or clinics, usually under the supervision of a doctoral-level clinician.

Answer 8

Marriage/family therapists and mental health counselors

Question 9

These are the mental health professionals take a scientific approach to their clinical work.

Answer 9

Scientist-practitioners

Question 10

This is a traditional shorthand way of indicating why the person came to the clinic.

Answer 10

Presenting problem/presents

Question 11

This represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder.

Answer 11

Clinical description

Question 12

This figure describes how many people in the population as a whole have the disorder.

Answer 12

Prevalence of the disorder

Question 13

The statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period.

Answer 13

Incidence of the disorder

Question 14

In addition to having different symptoms, age of onset, and possibly a different sex ratio and prevalence, most disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern, or ______.

Answer 14

Course

Question 15

Some disorders that tend to last a long time.

Answer 15

Chronic course

Question 16

Some disorders that follow a course in which the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time.

Answer 16

Episodic course

Question 17

Some disorders that improve without treatment in a relatively short period with little or no risk of recurrence.

Answer 17

Time-limited course

Question 18

Onset of disorders that begin suddenly.

Answer 18

Acute onset

Question 19

Onset of disorders that develop gradually over an extended period.

Answer 19

Insidious onset

Question 20

This is the anticipated course of a disorder.

Answer 20

Prognosis

Question 21

The study of changes in behavior over time.

Answer 21

Developmental psychology

Question 22

The study of changes in abnormal behavior.

Answer 22

Developmental psychopathology

Question 23

The study of abnormal behavior across the entire age span.

Answer 23

Life-span developmental psychopathology

Question 24

The study of origins which has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.

Answer 24

Etiology

Question 25

A treatment in which various religious rituals were performed in an effort to rid the victim of evil spirits.

Answer 25

Exorcism

Question 26

Many people behaving in a strange way at once.

Answer 26

Mass hysteria

Question 27

This is the phenomenon in which the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us.

Answer 27

Emotion contagion

Question 28

People are also suggestible when they are in states of high emotion. Therefore, if one person identifies a “cause” of the problem, others will probably assume that their own reactions have the same source. In popular language, this shared response is sometimes referred to as ____________.

Answer 28

Mob psychology

Question 29

Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids or humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.

Answer 29

Humoral theory of disorders

Question 30

This kind of personality indicates apathy and sluggishness but can also mean being calm under stress.

Answer 30

Phlegmatic personality

Question 31

A type of person who is hot tempered (from yellow bile or choler)

Answer 31

Choleric person

Question 32

In these disorders, the physical symptoms appear to be the result of a medical problem for which no physical cause can be found, such as paralysis and some kinds of blindness.

Answer 32

Somatic symptom disorders

Question 33

A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacterial microorganism entering the brain.

Answer 33

Syphilis

Question 34

This was a psychiatric treatment involving inducing comas in patients by administering increasing doses of insulin.

Answer 34

Insulin shock therapy

Question 35

This is a psychiatric treatment where a brief electrical stimulation of the brain induces a seizure. It's typically used for severe mental illnesses, like major depressive disorder, when other treatments haven't been effective.

Answer 35

Electroconvulsive therapy

Question 36

He was one of the first to distinguish among various psychological disorders, seeing that each may have a different age of onset and time course, with somewhat different clusters of presenting symptoms, and probably a different cause. Many of his descriptions of schizophrenic disorders are still useful today.

Answer 36

Emil Kraepelin

Question 37

These are interventions that address psychological and social factors to improve an individual's mental health and well-being. They aim to change behavior, enhance social skills, and promote positive social interactions.

Answer 37

Psychosocial treatments

Question 38

This was a 19th-century approach to treating mental illness that emphasized humane and psychosocial care, including kindness, compassion, and a nurturing environment.

Answer 38

Moral therapy

Question 39

This was a societal effort in the United States to address mental health, particularly in the early 20th century. It aimed to improve treatment, prevention, and overall promotion of mental health. This movement emerged as a response to a lack of attention to mental illness and mental health issues prior to the 20th century, and it preceded the formal field of mental health.

Answer 39

The Mental Hygiene Movement

Question 40

An elaborate theory of the structure of the mind and the role of unconscious processes in determining behavior.

Answer 40

Psychoanalysis

Question 41

A theory that focuses on how learning and adaptation affect the development of psychopathology.

Answer 41

Behaviorism

Question 42

In psychoanalysis, this is the release of emotional material is known as __________.

Answer 42

Catharsis

Question 43

In psychoanalysis, this is the source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies.

Answer 43

Id

Question 44

In psychoanalysis, this is the energy or drive within the id.

Answer 44

Libido

Question 45

In psychoanalysis, this is the overriding goal of maximizing pleasure and eliminating any associated tension or conflicts.

Answer 45

Pleasure principle

Question 46

In psychoanalysis, this is the part of our mind that ensures that we act realistically. Its role is to mediate conflict between the id and the superego, juggling their demands with the realities of the world.

Answer 46

Ego

Question 47

In psychoanalysis, this is the ability of the mind to assess the reality of the external world, and to act upon it accordingly.

Answer 47

Reality principle

Question 48

In psychoanalysis, this is what we call conscience. It represents the moral principles instilled in us by our parents and our culture.

Answer 48

Superego

Question 49

In psychoanalysis, this refers to inner psychological struggles and conflicts within a person's mind.

Answer 49

Intrapsychic conflicts

Question 50

In psychoanalysis, these are unconscious protective processes that keep primitive emotions associated with conflicts in check so that the ego can continue its coordinating function.

Answer 50

Defense mechanisms

Question 51

A type of defense mechanism wherein we refuse to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others.

Answer 51

Denial

Question 52

A type of defense mechanism wherein we transfer a feeling about, or a response to, an object that causes discomfort onto another, usually less-threatening, object or person.

Answer 52

Displacement

Question 53

A type of defense mechanism wherein we falsely attribute own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object.

Answer 53

Projection

Question 54

A type of defense mechanism wherein we conceal the true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self-serving but incorrect explanations.

Answer 54

Rationalization

Question 55

A type of defense mechanism wherein we substitute behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones.

Answer 55

Reaction formation

Question 56

A type of defense mechanism wherein we block disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness.

Answer 56

Repression

Question 57

This theory describes how personality develops through specific stages from birth to adulthood, with each stage focusing on a particular erogenous zone and associated conflicts.

Answer 57

Psychosexual stages of development

Question 58

During this stage in the psychosexual stages of development, the infant's primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, so the rooting and sucking reflex is especially important.

Answer 58

The oral stage

Question 59

The primary conflict during the oral stage in the psychosexual stages of development. If fixation occurs at this stage, Freud believed the individual would have issues with dependency or aggression.

Answer 59

Weaning process

Question 60

What is the erogenous zone during the oral stage in the psychosexual stages of development?

Answer 60

Mouth

Question 61

During this stage in the psychosexual stages of development, the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements.

Answer 61

The anal stage

Question 62

The major conflict at the anal stage wherein the child has to learn to control their bodily needs. Developing this control leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence.

Answer 62

Toilet training