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Haematology > Abnormal Cell Count And Pancytopenia > Flashcards

Abnormal Cell Count And Pancytopenia Flashcards

1
Q

What is neutrophil leukocytosis?

A

Leukocytosis with a WBC rarely above 50×10^9. It increases due to increased production of neutrophils and moving from side of vessel wall into ciculation with decreased exit of neutrophils from the periperal circulation to the tissues

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2
Q

What are causes of neutrophil leukocytosis

A

Infections
Malignancy
Inflammation
Drugs such as glucocorticoids
Myeloid growth factors
Haemmorhage

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3
Q

What bodies are found in neutrophils when there is an infection

A

Dohle bodies

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4
Q

What is benign lymphocytosis

A

Absolute lymphocyte count more than 3.5 ×10^9. Has a wide range of cellular sizes and shapes

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5
Q

True or false: absolute lymphocyte counts are higher in adults than in children and infants

A

False

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6
Q

What causes reactive lymphocytosis

A

VIRAL infections
Pertussis
Drug effects
Stress

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7
Q

What is eosinophilic leucocytosis

A

Eosinophilia >1.5×10^9

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8
Q

What causes eosinophilic leukocytosis

A

Reactive causes:
Infections(PARASITES)
Allergy
Connective tissue diseases
Pulmonary and cardiac diseases
Dermatologic diseases

Non reactive causes:
Malignant eosinophilia

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9
Q

What is monocytosis

A

Absolute monocytosis is >1×10^9 monocytes

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10
Q

What causes monocytosis

A

Malignancy
Chronic infections
Autoimmune disorders
Splenectomy
Regenerating BM

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11
Q

What gene does CML have a translocation on

A

9:22

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12
Q

What characterizes CML

A

High white cell count with neutrophil and neutrophil precursors
Splenomegaly in most cases
T(9:22)

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13
Q

What are the 3 phases in CML if it is not treated

A

Stable chronic phase
Accelerated phase
Blast crises-> transforms to acute leukemia

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14
Q

What is the treatment for CML?

A

Initial hydroxyurea
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
BM transplant if TK resistant

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15
Q

How is erythrocytosis characterized in males and females

A

Males: Hb>17.5, HCT>0.55
Females: Hb>15.5, HCT>0.47

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16
Q

What causes relative erythrocytosis

A

Decreased plasma volume

17
Q

What causes absolute erythrocytosis

A

Increased red cell mass

18
Q

How do you check for secondary erythrocytosis

A

Check EPO:
LOW EPO= Polycythemia vera
High EPO=Secondary erythrocytosis

19
Q

What causes secondary appropriate erythrocytosis

A

Low oxygen causes like:
Altitude
Hyperventilation
Lung disease
Cyanotic heart disease

20
Q

What causes inappropriate secondary erythrocytosis

A

Ectopic EPO production:
Tumours like renal carcinoma, hepatoma, uterine fibroma

21
Q

What is thrombocytosis

A

Platelet count >500×10^9

22
Q

What causes are most common of thrombocytosis

A

Malignancy
Chronic inflammatory causes
IRON DEF

23
Q

What tests can you do for thrombocytosis

A

Esr, CRP, iron studies

24
Q

What are the primary causes of thrombocytosis

A

Myeloproliferative disorders like essential thrombocythemia

25
Q

What causes pancytopenia

A

Increased destruction
Decreased production- BM problem

26
Q

What causes pancytopenia by increased destruction

A

Hypersplenism
Rarely immune

27
Q

What causes decreased production as causes of pancytopenia

A

B12 def
Myelodysplasia
Drugs
Radiation
BM infiltration such as haematological malignancies

28
Q

What may blood smear include in pancytopenia

A

Leukemic blasts
Lymphoma cells
Megaloblastic features
Rouleax may indicate myeloma

29
Q

What is aplastic anaemia

A

BM failure with less than 5% cellularity of marrow

30
Q

What causes aplastic anaemia

A

Inherited such as fanconi anaemia

Aquired:
Benzene
Idosyncratic drug reactions
Viral hep

31
Q

What forms part of supportive management of aplastic anemia?

A

platelet transfusion to keep >10-20

Red cell transfusion >7

Treat infections with broad-spectrum antibiotics

32
Q

What is specific management of aplastic anemia?

A

Bone marrow stem cell transplant if donor found other wise immunosuppression with ANTI- THYMOCYTE GLOBULIN

Haematology (5 decks)

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